Serbia And Montenegro

Note--Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the U.S.; the U.S. view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

Geography                 Economy                 Defense Forces
 

People                    Transportation          Government



Communications            History      	          Travel

GEOGRAPHY

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Area

Total area: 102,350 sq km
Land area: 102,136 sq km
Comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky

Note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than Connecticut

Land Boundaries

Total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Note: The internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

Coastline

199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Maritime Claims

International Disputes

Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic

Climate

In the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain

Extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Natural Resources

Oil
Gas
Coal
Antimony
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Nickel
Gold
Pyrite
Chrome

Land Use

Arable land: 30%
Permanent crops: 5%
Meadows and pastures: 20%
Forest and woodland: 25%
Other: 20%

Irrigated Land

Environment

Current issues: pollutio.htmcoastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
International agreements: NA

Note: Controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

PEOPLE

Population

Total population: 10,614,558 (July 1996 est.)
11,101,833 (July 1995 est.)

Montenegro

635,442 (July 1996 est.)
708,248 (July 1995 est.)

Serbia

9,979,116 (July 1996 est.)
10,393,585 (July 1995 est.)

Age Structure

Montenegro

0-14 Years

22% (male 71,075; female 67,402) (July 1996 est.)
22% (male 82,005; female 77,498) (July 1995 est.)

15-64 Years

67% (male 215,889; female 213,290) (July 1996 est.)
68% (male 241,397; female 236,987) (July 1995 est.)

65 Years and Over

11% (male 27,868; female 39.918) (July 1996 est.)
10% (male 28,736; female 41,625) (July 1995 est.)

Serbia

0-14 Years

Sex ratio:

Montenegro - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Montenegro - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Serbia - at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
Serbia - 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
Serbia - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Montenegro
27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Serbia
22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
18.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth

Montenegro

Total population: 74.88 years (1996 est.), 79.56 years (1995 est.)
Male: 70.86 years (1996 est.), 76.69 years (1995 est.)
Female: 79.11 years (1996 est.), 82.61 years (1995 est.)

Serbia

Total population: 71.98 years (1996 est.), 73.94 years (1995 est.)
Male: 68.97 years (1996 est.), 71.4 years (1995 est.)
Female: 75.22 years (1996 est.), 76.68 years (1995 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

Montenegro
1.53 children born/woman (1996 est.)
1.79 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Serbia
2 children born/woman (1996 est.)
2 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality

Noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
Adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin

Ethnic Divisions

Serbs 63%

Albanians 14%

Montenegrins 6%

Hungarians 4%

Other 13%

Religions

Orthodox 65%

Muslim 19%

Roman Catholic 4%

Protestant 1%

Other 11%

Languages
Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy
NA
Labor Force
2,640,909
By occupation:
Industry, mining 40% (1990)

GOVERNMENT

Names

Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
Local long form: none
Local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation
Digraph

Serbia
SR
Montenegro
MW
Type
Republic
Capital
Belgrade
Administrative Divisions
2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence
11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)
National Holiday
NA
Constitution
27 April 1992
Legal System
Based on civil law system
Suffrage
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive Branch

Chief of state: (SERBIA) President Milan Milutinovic (since 29 December 1997)
9 december 1990 - 29 december 1997 President Slobodan MILOSEVIC
(MONTENEGRO) President Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990)
Head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC (since 15 September 1994), Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995)
Cabinet: Federal Executive Council

Legislative Branch
Bicameral Federal Assembly
Chamber of Republics
Elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia
Chamber of Citizens
Elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3
Judicial Branch
Savezni Sud (Federal Court), judges are elected by the Federal Assembly; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly
Political Parties and Leaders
Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras AGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic Alliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party of Montenegro (SP), leader NA
Other Political or Pressure Groups
NA
Flag
Serbia flag: Three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
Montenegro flag: Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), light blue and white

ECONOMY

Overview
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy supplies and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $2,000 per capita is extremely rough. The economy is recovering extremely slowly following the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995.
National Product
GDP - purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1995 est.), $10 billion (1994 est.)
National Product Real Growth Rate
4% (1995 est.)
National Product Per Capita
$2,000 (1995 est.)
$1,000 (1994 est.)
Inflation Rate (consumer Prices)
20% (1994 est.)
Unemployment Rate
More than 40% (1994 est.)
Budget

Revenues: NA
Expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Exports
NA
Commodities:
Prior to the breakup of the federation

Yugoslavia exported machinery and transport equipment

Manufactured goods

Chemicals

Food and live animals

Raw materials

Partners:
Prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav republics

Italy

Germany

Other EC

The FSU countries

East European countries

U.S.

Imports
NA
Commodities:
Prior to the breakup of the federation

Yugoslavia imported machinery and transport equipment

Fuels and lubricants

Manufactured goods

Chemicals

Food and live animals

Raw materials including coking coal for the steel industry

Partners:
Prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav republics

The FSU countries

EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany)

East European countries

U.S.

External Debt
$4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial Production
Growth rate NA
Electricity

Capacity: 10,400,000 kW
Production: 34 billion kWh
Consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)

Industries

Machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles

Armored vehicles and weapons

Electrical equipment

Agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Agriculture
The fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice
Illicit Drugs
NA
Economic Aid
NA
Currency
1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange Rates
Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per U.S. $1 - official rate: 1.5; black market rate: 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Fiscal Year
Calendar year

TRANSPORTATION

Railroads

Total: 3,960 km
Standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km electrified) (1992)

Highways

Total: 46,019 km
Paved: 26,949 km
Unpaved: gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)

Inland Waterways
NA km
Pipelines
Crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports
Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat
Merchant Marine

Montenegro
Total 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 326,133 GRT/544,600 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
Ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 8, container 3, short-sea passenger ferry 1

Note: Under Maltese and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flags; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag
Serbia
Total 2 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,916 GRT/77,103 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)
Ships by type: bulk 2

Note: All under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag
Airports

Total: 44
With paved runways over 3,047 m: 2
With paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
With paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
With paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2
With paved runways under 914 m: 14
With unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2
With unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14 (1995 est.)

COMMUNICATIONS

Telephone System
700,000 telephones
Local: NA
Intercity: NA
International: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station

Radio

Broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0
Radios: 2.015 million

Television

Broadcast stations: 18
Televisions: 1 million

DEFENSE FORCES

Branches
People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil Defense
Manpower Availability

Montenegro
Males age 15-49 173,942; males fit for military service 140,728; males reach military age (19) annually 5,226 (1995 est.)
Serbia
Males age 15-49 2,546,549; males fit for military service 2,041,239 (1995 est.)
Defense Expenditures
245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into U.S. dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
History
World Atlas

Last updated: 19 november 1997

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