VN co' ca^u tu.c ngu+~ "Co' co^ng ma`i sa('t, co' nga`y ne^n kim", co' y' nghi~a hoa`n toa` tu+o+ng ddo^`ng vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "Ma xu+? tha`nh cha^m" (ma`i cha`y tha`nh kim) cu?a Ta`u.

Tu.c ngu+~ cu?a Ta`u co' ca^u :"Nhu+o+.c ye^'u co^ng phu tha^m, Thie^'t xu+? ma tha`nh cha^m" (Ne^'u co' co^ng phu tha^.t sa^u dda^.m [ma^'t nhie^`u co^ng kho' nho.c] thi` co' the^? ma`i ca'i cha`y ba(`ng sa('t dde^? tha`nh 1 ca'i kim).

Ca'c tu.c ngu+~ VN va` Ta`u o+? tre^n dde^`u co' y' no'i, ba^'t cu+' vie^.c gi`, du` lo+'n lao to+'i dda^u, kho' kha(n dde^'n co+~ na`o, ne^'u kie^n nha^~n chi.u kho', kho^ng na?n lo`ng bo? cuo^.c, thi` cuo^'i cu`ng nha^'t ddi.nh pha?i tha`nh co^ng.

Tha`nh ngu+~ "Ma xu+? tha`nh cha^m" (ma`i cha`y tha`nh kim) ba('t nguo^`n tu+` 1 su+. ti'ch ddu+o+.c che'p trong bo^. "Tie^`m xa'c loa.i thu+" nhu+ sau :

Du+o+'i ddo+`i nha` DDu+o+`ng co' 1 dda.i thi ha`o te^n la` Ly' Ba.ch. Tho+`i nie^n thie^'u, Ly' Ba.ch ho.c ha`nh do+? dang, ne^n bo? do+? ho.c va^'n dde^? du ngoa.n kha('p no+i.

1 ho^m ddi ngang qua 1 ngo^i nha` be^n ddu+o+`ng, Ly' Ba.ch tha^'y 1 ba` cu. gia` ddang ma`i 1 ca'i cha`y sa('t tre^n ta?ng dda' ma`i. Tha^'y vie^.c la. lu`ng, Ly' Ba.ch ngu+`ng la.i ho?i :

- Cha(?ng hay ba` cu. ma`i ca^y cha`y sa('t na`y dde^? la`m gi` va^.y ?

Ba` cu. tha?n nhie^n dda'p :

- To^i muo^'n ma`i ca'i cha`y na`y tha`nh 1 ca^y kim dde^? kha^u va' qua^`n a'o.

Ly' Ba.ch cho+.t ti?nh ngo^., be`n la^.p tu+'c quay la.i nha`, ga('ng co^ng ho.c ta^.p, va` sau cu`ng o^ng tro+? tha`nh 1 dda.i thi ha`o cu?a Trung Hoa.

Tha`nh ngu+~ tre^n co`n ddu+o+.c da`nh dde^? no'i ve^` ngu+o+`i co' chi' kie^n nha^~n to^.t bu+.c.

Cu+o+~i ro^`ng, bo'i phu+o+.ng

DDo+`i Chu Tu+o+ng Vu+o+ng (651-617 tru+o+'c Du+o+ng li.ch), Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng la`m ba' chu? ca'c nu+o+'c o+? phi'a Ta^y. Nha` vua co' 1 ngu+o+`i con ga'i, lu'c mo+'i sinh, ga(.p co' ke? da^ng vie^n ngo.c pha'c, Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng sai tho+. giu~a, tha`nh 1 vie^n ngo.c sa('c bie^'c va` dde.p la('m.

DDe^'n khi co^ ga'i dda^`y tuo^?i to^i, trong cung ba`y ddo^`, na`ng nha(.t ngay vie^n ngo.c, ro^`i nga('m nghi'a ma~i, ne^n na`ng ddu+o+.c dda(.t te^n la` Lo^.ng Ngo.c.

Lo+'n le^n, Lo^.ng Ngo.c nhan sa('c dde.p tuye^.t tra^`n. Ti'nh tro+`i tho^ng minh, na`ng co' ta`i tho^?i o^'ng sinh hay la('m, kho^ng ho.c ai ma` tha`nh a^m ddie^.u. Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng sai tho+. la`m o^'ng sinh ba(`ng ngo.c dde^? cho na`ng tho^?i. Na`ng tho^?i o^'ng sinh a^'y, tie^'ng trong nhu+ tie^'ng chim phu+o+.ng.

Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng cu+ng la('m, la^.p ca'i la^`u dde^? cho na`ng o+?, te^n la` phu+o+.ng la^u. Tru+o+'c la^`u co' xa^y 1 dda`i go.i la` phu+o+.ng dda`i. Na(m Lo^.ng Ngo.c le^n 15, Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng muo^'n ti`m mo^.t giai te^'.

Lo^.ng Ngo.c the^` : Ne^'u ngu+o+`i na`o co' ta`i tho^?i o^'ng sinh ho.a ddu+o+.c vo+'i na`ng thi` mo+'i chi.u la`m vo+. cho ngu+o+`i a^'y.

Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng sai su+' ddi ti`m nhu+ng kho^ng co' ai ca?.

Mo^.t ho^m, Lo^.ng Ngo.c ngo^`i tre^n la^`u, ve'n re`m nga('m ca?nh. Ba^'y gio+` tro+`i quang ma^y ta.nh, vu+`ng tra(ng sa'ng to? nhu+ gu+o+ng, na`ng truye^`n cho thi. nu+~ ddo^'t 1 lo` hu+o+ng ro^`i ddem o^'ng sinh ra tho^?i. Bo^~ng nghe tie^'ng tie^u tu+` dda^u ho.a la.i, lu'c ga^`n lu'c xa. Lo^.ng Ngo.c la^'y la`m la., du+`ng o^'ng sinh la.i kho^ng tho^?i nu+~a, la('ng tai nghe thi` gio.ng tie^u a^'y chi? co`n du+ a^m va(ng va(?ng.. Lo^.ng Ngo.c nga^?n ngo+, lu+o+~ng lu+. thao thu+'c canh cha^`y, ddoa.n dda(.t o^'ng sinh o+? dda^`u giu+o+`ng ro^`i na(`m ngu?.

Giu+~a lu'c a^'y, na`ng bo^~ng tha^'y tre^n tro+`i ve^` phi'a Ta^y Nam, cu+?a mo+? ro^.ng, ha`o quang ngu~ sa('c ru+.c ro+~, nhu+ ban nga`y, co' 1 cha`ng thie^'u nie^n, mu~ lo^ng a'o ha.t, cu+o+~i con chim phu+o+.ng tu+` tre^n tro+`i xa xuo^'ng, ddu+'ng tru+o+'c phu+o+.ng dda`i, cha`ng ba?o na`ng :

- Ta dda^y la` chu? nu'i Hoa So+n. Ngo.c Hoa`ng Thu+o+.ng DDe^' cho ta ke^'t duye^n vo+'i na`ng. DDe^'n nga`y Trung Thu na`y thi` ddo^i ta ga(.p nhau. A^'y la` duye^n so^' dda~ ddi.nh sa(~n nhu+ va^.y.

No'i xong, cha`ng ddu+a tay ru't o^'ng ngo.c tie^u be^n mi`nh, ro^`i ddu+'ng tu+.a lan can ma` tho^?i. Con chim phu+o+.ng ddu+'ng be^n cu~ng ddu+a ca'nh ra vu+`a ho't vu+`a mu'a. Tie^'ng phu+o+.ng ho't cu`ng vo+'i tie^'ng ngo.c tie^u xu+o+'ng ho.a ho`a nhau nhu+ mo^.t ddie^.u cung thu+o+ng (cung thu+o+ng la` 2 a^m trong ngu~ a^m cu?a co^? nha.c Trung Hoa -- cung, thu+o+ng, gio^'c, chu?y, vu~; cung thu+o+ng du`ng dde^? chi? ve^` ta`i a^m nha.c), nghe ra^'t tha^m tra^`m. Lo^.ng Ngo.c me^ ma^?n ta^m tha^`n ho?i :

- Khu'c tie^u na`y la` khu'c tie^u gi` ?

Cha`ng thie^'u nie^n dda'p :

- DDa^y la` khu'c "Ho.a so+n nga^m".

Na`ng la.i ho?i :

- Khu'c na`y co' ho.c ddu+o+.c kho^ng ?

Cha`ng dda'p :

- Khi ca? hai ke^'t duye^n ro^`i thi` co' gi` kho^ng ho.c ddu+o+.c.

DDoa.n cha`ng bu+o+'c dde^'n ga^`n ddu+a tay ca^`m la^'y na`ng...

Lo^.ng Ngo.c gia^.t m`inh ti?nh da^.y. Sa'ng ho^m sau na`ng thua^.t la.i gia^'c chie^m bao cho cha nghe. Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng lie^`n sai ngu+o+`i cu+' theo hi`nh da'ng ngu+o+`i trong mo^.ng ma` do` dde^'n nu'i Hoa So+n. Co' ngu+o+`i no^ng phu chi? ra(`ng : Tu+` ra(`m tha'ng 7 vu+`a qua co' 1 cha`ng tre? tuo^?i la. ma(.t dde^'n la`m nha` o+? ddi?nh nu'i, ha`ng nga`y thu+o+`ng xuo^'ng cho+. mua ru+o+.u uo^'ng, chie^`u la.i tho^?i cho+i 1 khu'c Ngo.c tie^u, ai nghe cu~ng tha^'y la`m thi'ch.

Ngu+o+`i cu?a Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng mu+`ng ro+~ ti`m dde^'n, tro^ng tha^'y cha`ng mu~ lo^ng a'o ha.c, co^'t ca'ch tha^`n tie^n, va'i cha`o ho?i ho. te^n. Cha`ng te^n la` Tie^u Su+?. Ngu+o+`i cu?a nha` vua thua^.t la.i su+. ti`nh va` ye^u ca^`u Tie^u Su+? ve^` trie^`u ra ma('t Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng. Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng tha^'y Tie^u Su+? dung ma.o thanh nha~, co' ve~ ba(`ng lo`ng, cho ngo^`i be^n ca.nh ho?i :

- Ta nghe nha` ngu+o+i co' ta`i tho^?i o^'ng tie^u, chu+' kho^ng bie^'t tho^?i o^'ng sinh.

Tie^u Su+? dda'p :

- To^i chi? bie^t tho^?i o^'ng tie^u, chu+' kho^ng bie^'t tho^?i o^'ng sinh.

Vua ba?o :

- Ta ddi.nh ti`m 1 ngu+o+`i co' ta`i tho^?i o^'ng sinh. Nay nha` ngu+o+`i chi? bie^'t tho^?i o^'ng tie^u, va^.y kho^ng the^? la`m re^~ ta ddu+o+.c.

DDoa.n ke^u ngu+o+`i ddu+a Tie^u Su+? ra.

Lo^.ng Ngo.c sai no^.i thi.ta^u vo+'i Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng : Tie^u vo+'i sinh cu~ng la` 1 loa`i, ngu+o+`i ta co' ta`i tho^?i o^'ng tie^u thi` sao kho^ng ba?o da.o cho+i mo^.t khu'c dde^? cho ngu+o+`i ta ddu+o+.c pho^ ta`i.

Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng la^'y la`m pha?i, truye^`n Tie^u Su+? tho^?i nghe.

Tie^u Su+? mo+'i tho^?i qua 1 khu'c thi` co' gio' ma't ha^y ha^y. DDe^'n khu'c thu+' nhi` thi` co' ddo^i ba.ch ha.t mu'a lu+o+.n tre^n kho^ng, ddo^`ng tho+`i co' ddo^i kho^?ng tu+o+'c bay dde^'n ro^`i ca'c gio^'ng chim ddua nhau ke^u ho't...mo^.t lu'c mo+'i tan. Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng ra^'t la^'y la`m ba(`ng lo`ng. Lo^.ng Ngo.c ddu+'ng be^n re`m tro^ng tha^'y vui tu+o+i no'i :

- Ngu+o+`i a^'y tha^.t dda'ng la`m cho^`ng ta.

Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng ho?i Tie^u Su+? :

- Nha` ngu+o+`i co' bie^'t o^'ng sinh va` o^'ng tie^u co'tu+` ddo+`i na`o kho^ng ?

Tie^u Su+? thu+a :

- O^'ng sinh la`m ra tu+` ddo+`i Nu+~ Oa; o^'ng tie^u la`m ra tu+` ddo+`i Phu.c Hy.

Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng ba?o ke^? ro~ su+. ti'ch. Tie^u Su+? no'i :

- Nghe^` to^i vo^'n o+? o^'ng tie^u, che^' theo hi`nh chim phu+o+.ng. Thu+' lo+'n ghe'p lie^`n 23 o^'ng, da`i 2 thu+o+'c 1 ta^'c go.i la` Nha~ tie^u; thu+' nho? ghe'p lie^`n 16 o^'ng, da`i 2 thu+o+'c 1 ta^'c go.i la` Tu.ng tie^u. Ca? 2 thu+' go.i la` Tie^u qua?n. Co`n 1 thu+' kho^ng dda'y go.i la` DDo^?ng tie^u. Ve^` sau vua Huy`nh DDe^' sai Linh Lua^n la^'y tru'c o+? Co^n Khue^, che^' la`m o^'ng ddi.ch, o^'ng na`y co' 7 lo^~, ca^`m ngang ma` tho^?i, tie^'ng cu~ng gio^'ng chim phu+o+.ng, tro^ng ra^'t gia?n tie^.n. Ngu+o+`i ddo+`i sau tha^'y o^'ng Tie^u qua?n phie^`n phu+'c qua' ne^n chi? du`ng o^'ng ddi.ch. Thu+' da`i go.i la` tie^u, thu+' nga('n go.i la` ddi.ch.

Bo+?i va^.y, o^'ng tie^u nga`y nay kho^ng gio^'ng o^'ng tie^u nga`y xu+a.

Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng la.i ho?i :

- Sao nha` ngu+o+`i tho^?i o^'ng tie^u ma` la.i co' ca'c gio^'ng chim bay dde^'n ?

Tie^u Su+? thu+a :

- O^'ng tie^u da^`u mo^~i ddo+`i mo^~i kha'c nhu+ng tie^'ng tho^?i bao gio+` cu~ng gio^'ng nhu+ tie^'ng chim phu+o+.ng. Chim phu+o+.ng la` chu'a ca'c gio^'ng chim, va^.y khi nghe tie^'ng chim phu+o+.ng ta^'t nhie^n ca'c gio^'ng chim dde^`u ke'o nhau dde^'n ca?. Nga`y xu+a vua Thua^'n che^' ra khu'c nha.c tie^u thie^`u ma` chim phu+o+.ng co`n bay dde^'n, huo^'ng chi la` ca'c gio^'ng chim kha'c.

Tie^u Su+? u+'ng ddo^'i lu+u loa't. Ta^`n Mu.c Co^ng ra^'t la^'y la`m ba(`ng lo`ng, sai quan tha'i su+? cho.n nga`y dde^? la`m le^~ tha`nh ho^n.

Tie^u Su+? ke^'t duye^n cu`ng Lo^.ng Ngo.c, ddu+o+.c phong la`m Trung DDa.i Phu. Tuy la`m quan nhu+ng Tie^u Su+? kho^ng du+. gi` dde^'n quye^`n chi'nh, nga`y ga`y vui cho+i o+? phu+o+.ng la^u. La.i kho^ng a(n co+m, chi? thi?nh thoa?ng uo^'ng ma^'y che'n ru+o+.u. Lo^.ng Ngo.c ho.c ddu+o+.c phe'p tie^n cu?a cho^`ng kho^ng a(n co+m. Tie^u Su+? la.i da.y vo+. tho^?i tie^u.

O+? vo+'i nhau ddu+o+.c ho+n nu+?a na(m, nha^n 1 dde^m tra(ng sa'ng va(`ng va(.c, vo+. cho^`ng ddem tie^u ra tho^?i. Bo^~ng tha^'y 1 con phu+o+.ng xuo^'ng dda^.u be^n ta?, va` 1 con ro^`ng xuo^'ng phu? phu.c be^n hu+~u. Tie^u Su+? ba?o Lo^.ng Ngo.c :

- Ta vo^'n la` tie^n o+? thu+o+.ng gio+'i. Ngo.c Hoa`ng Thu+o+.ng DDe^' tha^'y su+? sa'ch o+? tra^`n gian nhie^`u cho^~ ta'n loa.n, va^.y ne^n gia'ng sinh ta xuo^ng ho. Tie^u o+? nha` Chu dde^? san ddi.nh la.i. Ngu+o+`i nha` Chu tha^'y ta co' co^ng ve^` vie^.c su+? sa'ch mo+'i go.i ta la` Tie^u Su+?, dde^'n nay dda~ ho+n 100 na(m ro^`i. Ngo.c Hoa`ng cho ta la`m chu? o+? nu'i Hoa So+n, vi` ta cu`ng na`ng co' tie^`n duye^n nhau, nho+` khu'c Ngo.c Tie^u ma` ddu+o+.c cu`ng nhau ta'c ho+.p, nhu+ng cu~ng kho^ng ne^n o+? ma~i cho^'n tra^`n gian na`y. Nay ro^`ng va` phu+o+.ng dda~ dde^'n ddo'n, va^.y chu'ng ta cu`ng nhau ddi.

Lo^.ng Ngo.c ddi.nh va`o tu+` bie^.t cha. Tie^u Su+? nga(n :

- Kho^ng ne^n ! DDa~ la` tha^`n tie^n thi` cho+' ne^n vi` chu't ti`nh rie^ng ma` quye^'n luye^'n.

DDoa.n Tie^u Su+? cu+o+~i ro^`ng, Lo^.ng Ngo.c cu+o+~i phu+o+.ng cu`ng bay le^n tro+`i.

Trong "DDoa.n Tru+o+ng Ta^n Thanh" cu?a cu. Nguye^~n Du, lu'c Tu+` Ha?i cu`ng Kie^`u ga(.p go+~, co' ca^u :

Trai anh hu`ng, ga'i thuye^`n quye^n Phi? nguye^`n bo'i phu+o+.ng, dde.p duye^n cu+o+~i ro^`ng

"DDe.p duye^n cu+o+~i ro^`ng" la` do ddie^?n ti'ch tre^n.

"Bo'i phu+o+.ng" co' nghi~a la` ke'n ddu+o+.c cho^`ng to^'t.

Sa'ch ta? truye^.n co' che'p : Tra^`n Tro.ng Ki'nh sang nu+o+'c Te^` ddu+o+.c vua nu+o+'c na`y cho coi vie^.c co^ng chi'nh, Quan DDa.i Phu nu+o+'c Te^` co' y' muo^'n ga? con ga'i cho Tro.ng Ki'nh. Ngu+o+`i vo+. lie^`n bo'i 1 que?, ba?o ra^'t ne^n. Vi` que? bo'i no'i :

"Phu+o+.ng hoa`ng vu phi, ho`a minh tu+o+ng tu+o+ng", nghi~a la` phu+o+.ng hoa`ng cu`ng bay, cu`ng ho't vang vang.

Phu+o+.ng hoa`ng la` te^n 1 gio^'ng chim. Theo sa'ch co^?, ddo' la` 1 trong 4 con thu' linh thie^ng : Long, La^n, Quy, Phu+o+.ng, ddem la.i ddie^`m la`nh, va` chi? khi na`o co' ddo+`i tha'i bi`nh hay tha'nh nha^n ra ddo+`i thi` mo+'i xua^'t hie^.n.

Phu+o+.ng hoa`ng co`n la` chu'a loa`i chim. Con tro^'ng la` Phu+o+.ng, con ma'i go.i la` Hoa`ng. Loan 1 gio^'ng chim cu`ng loa.i vo+'i phu+o+.ng hoa`ng. Vi` la` ddo^`ng loa.i va` thu+o+`ng bay ddo^i vo+'i nhau ne^n ngu+o+`i ta hay du`ng dde^? vi' vo+'i vo+. cho^`ng hoa(.c vie^.c ho^n nha^n hoa(.c ti`nh cho^`ng vo+... Ca dao co' ca^u :

"Bo'i phu+o+.ng" (phu+o+.ng bo^'c), "Cu+o+~i ro^`ng" dde^`u cu`ng co' nghi~a la` ke'n ddu+o+.c cho^`ng xu+'ng dda'ng.

Gia^'u dda^`u ho+? dduo^i

"Gia^'u dda^`u ho+? dduo^i" hoa(.c "Gia^'u dda^`u lo`i dduo^i" co' the^? coi nhu+ mang y' nghi~a tu+o+ng tu+. vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "du.c ca'i di chu+o+ng" (du.c : muo^'n; ca'i : che dda^.y ddi; di : ca`ng the^m; chu+o+ng : sa'ng) cu?a Ta`u.

Ca^u no'i "du.c ca'i di chu+o+ng" ba('t nguo^`n tu+` 1 su+. ti'ch trong Ta? truye^.n nhu+ sau :

Na(m thu+' 31 ddo+`i Lo^~ Chie^u Co^ng tho+`i Xua^n Thu (ca'c su+. vie^.c che'p trong Ta? truye^.n dde^`u theo nie^n dda.i nu+o+'c Lo^~, la` que^ hu+o+ng cu?a Kho^?ng Tu+?), o+? nu+o+'c Chu co' 1 quan dda.i phu te^n la` Ha('c Qua(ng, nga^`m ddem a^'p La.m (nay la` vu`ng DDo^ng Nam Tha'i huye^.n, thuo^.c ti?nh So+n DDo^ng) ma` da^ng cho nu+o+'c Lo^~, hy vo.ng nu+o+'c Lo^~ giu'p ddo+~ mi`nh ve^` ma(.t chi'nh tri..

Vua nu+o+'c Lo^~ la` ha^.u due^. cu?a Chu co^ng (ngu+o+`i co' co^ng che^' ta'c le^~ nha.c -- le^~ nghi va` a^m nha.c -- cho nha` Chu), cho ne^n nu+o+'c Lo^~ la` 1 nu+o+'c ra^'t tro.ng le^~ nghi~a (le^~ phe'p va` le~ pha?i). Trong su+? sa'ch nu+o+'c Lo^~, su+. vie^.c cu?a Ha('c Qua(ng nu+o+'c Chu ddu+o+.c che'p ro~ ra`ng, vo+'i te^n tuo^?i dda^`y du?.

Ve^` vie^.c na`y, ba^.c chi'nh nha^n qua^n tu+? nu+o+'c Lo^~ tu+`ng phe^ bi`nh ra(`ng :

- Pha`m la` ngu+o+`i thi` pha?i bie^'t coi tro.ng ca'i te^n cu?a mi`nh, ddu+`ng dde^? cho ca'i te^n cu?a mi`nh bi. o^ nhu.c. Nhu+~ng ke? pha?n quo^'c, to^.i tra.ng dde^`u ddu+o+.c che'p ro~ trong su+? sa'ch, tie^'ng xa^'u lu+u to+'i muo^n ddo+`i... Co' ke? muo^'n gia^'u te^n tuo^?i cu?a mi`nh ddi (vi` la` ddie^`u xa^'u), thi` su+? sa'ch la.i ca`ng ghi ro~ (nguye^n va(n trong Ta? truye^.n : "Du.c ca^`u danh nhi ba^'t dda('c", hoa(.c "Du.c ca'i nhi danh chu+o+ng")

Tu+` lo+`i bi`nh tre^n dda^y trong sa'ch Ta? truye^.n ma` ngu+o+`i ddo+`i sau ru't ra tha`nh ngu+~ "Du.c ca'i di chu+o+ng" (muo^'n che la.i ca`ng sa'ng) dde^? no'i ve^` tru+o+`ng ho+.p 1 ngu+o+`i la`m ddie^`u xa^'u xa hoa(.c pha.m pha?i lo^~i la^`m be`n che dda^.y dde^? cho ngu+o+`i kha'c kho^ng bie^'t ddu+o+.c ddie^`u xa^'u xa lo^~i la^`m cu?a mi`nh, nhu+ng chi'nh su+. che dda^.y ddo' la.i ca`ng khie^'n ddie^`u xa^'u xa, hoa(.c lo^~i la^`m ddo' the^m ro~ re^.t, lo^. lie^~u.

Tha`nh ngu+~ tre^n co' the^? ddu+o+.c du`ng trong ra^'t nhie^`u tru+o+`ng ho+.p, lo+'n thi` nhu+ pha?n bo^.i quo^'c gia, nho? thi` nhu+ tro^.m ca('p.

Cha(?ng ha.n nhu+ 1 ke? ca('p 1 mo'n ddo^` cu?a ngu+o+`i kha'c khi bi. ho?i thi` cho^'i ca~i kho^n khe'o, nhu+g sau ddo' la.i vo^ ti`nh no'i nhie^`u ca^u so+ ho+?, tu+. to^' ca'o to^.i lo^~i cu?a mi`nh, va` sau cu`ng thi` bi. kha'm pha', nhu+ va^.y ddu'ng la` "Du.c ca'i di chu+o+ng".

DDo^.ng DDa`o Nguye^n

* Mo^.ng DDa`o Nguye^n

* Thie^n Thai

DDo^.ng DDa`o Nguye^n

Theo Nguye^~n Tu+? Quang

DDo^.ng DDa`o Nguye^n co`n go.i la` ddo^.ng Bi'ch. DDa^y la` cho^~ tie^n o+?. Ngoa`i ra co`n co' chu+~ DDa`o hoa Nguye^n, nguo^`n dda`o hay dda`o nguye^n.

Tu+o+ng truye^`n ddo+`i nha` Ta^`n (265-419), co' ngu+o+i cha`i ca' o+? huye^.n Vu~ La(ng, mo^.t ho^m che`o thuye^`n ddi ngu+o+.c ven theo bo+` suo^'i. Ca`ng ddi xa chu+`ng na`o thi` tha^'y co' nhie^`u hoa dda`o tro^i theo do`ng nu+o+'c ddo^? xuo^'ng. DDe^'n 1 qua~ng, bo^~ng tha^'y tru+o+'c ma(.t hie^.n ra 1 ru+`ng dda`o. Hoa dda`o ddo? ru+.c ro+~ la`m cho ngu+ phu? ca`ng tha^'y say su+a thi'ch thu'. Cho ra(`ng co' ngu+o+`i o+? ga^`n dda^'y ne^n bo? thuye^`n, le^n bo+`. Vu+o+.t qua ru+`ng dda`o, dde^'n 1 ngo.n nu'i. Du+o+'i cha^n nu'i co' 1 cu+?a hang nho? he.p, vu+`a chui ddu+o+.c 1 ngu+o+`i. Be^n trong tha^'y thoa'ng co' a'nh sa'ng.

Go+.i ti'nh to` mo`, cha`ng la'ch mi`nh va`o cu+?a hang. Lu'c dda^`u, cu+?a hang co`n he.p, sau ro^.ng da^`n, ro^`i ca? 1 the^' gio+'i hie^.n ra : ruo^.ng vu+o+`n tu+o+i to^'t, nha` cu+?a tho^n a^'p lie^n tie^'p nhau; tie^'ng ga`, tie^'ng cho' nghe ro~ mo^`n mo^.t; thanh nie^n thie^'u nu+~ dde^`u say su+a co^ng vie^.c ddo^`ng a'ng. Tre^n ma(.t mo.i ngu+o+`i hie^.n ne't ve? vui tu+o+i cha^'t pha'c ho^`n nhie^n. Ngu+o+`i gia`, con tre? dde^`u co' ve? ung dung thanh tha?n.

Nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i o+? dda^y tha^'y cha`ng ngu+ phu? thi` la^'y la`m kinh nga.c ho?i : La`m sao dde^'n ddu+o+.c cho^'n na`y ? Ngu+ phu? tri`nh ba`y su+. thu+.c. Ca'c ba^.c phu. la~o ddem vo+. con ra cha`o mu+`ng kha'ch la., do.n co+m ru+o+.u dda~i kha'ch. Ngu+ phu? a(n uo^'ng la^'y la`m ngon la., vi` tuy co+m ru+o+.u ma` ti'nh cha^'t kha'c thu+o+`ng.

Ca'c ba^.c phu. la~o la.i no'i :

- To^? tie^n chu'ng to^i tra'nh loa.n ddo+`i Ta^`n (ddi tro^'n nha` Ta^`n ba.o ngu+o+.c), ddem ca? gia ddi`nh va`o o+? dda^y, tu+` ddo' ca'ch tuye^.t vo+'i be^n ngoa`i. Hie^.n nay, chu'ng to^i kho^ng bie^'t co' nha` Ha'n, huo^'ng chi la` nha` Ngu.y va` nha` Ta^'n.

Cuo^'i cu`ng, ho. la.i da(.n ngu+ phu? : Sau khi ra kho?i cho^'n na`y, xin ddu+`ng cho ai bie^'t co' ho. o+? dda^y.

Ngu+o+`i dda'nh ca' o+? cho+i 1 ho^m ro^`i xin ca'o bie^.t.

Tu+` ddo+`i Ta^`n (na(m 221 tru+o+'c Du+o+ng li.ch) dde^'n nha` Ta^'n (265-419 sau Du+o+ng li.ch) ma` ho. dde^'n dda^y tra'nh na.n ke^? ra co' tre^n ma^'y tra(m na(m. Ngu+o+`i dda'nh ca' cho mi`nh may ma('n dda~ ddu+o+.c ga(.p tie^n. Ne^n khi tro+? ve^`, nhie^`u ngu+o+`i dde^'n tha(m ho?i, tru+o+'c co`n ti`m ca'ch gia^'u nhu+ng cuo^'i cu`ng chuye^.n tha^'u dde^'n quan Tha'i thu' so+? ta.i, ngu+ phu? dda`nh pha?i thua^.t la.i mo.i vie^.c.

Co' ti'nh hie^'u ky`, vie^n Tha'i thu' sai ngu+o+`i ddi theo cha`ng ngu+ phu? ti`m la.i ddo^.ng DDa`o nguye^n, nhu+ng ca? hai dde^`u la.c lo^'i ma^'t, dda`nh pha?i tro+? ve^`.

Trong truye^.n Hoa Tie^n cu?a Nguye^~n Huy Tu+. co' ca^u :

Trong DDoa.n Tru+o+`ng Ta^n Thanh cu?a Nguye^~n Du, ddoa.n thua^.t la.i lo+`i Thu'y Kie^`u no'i vo+'i Kim Tro.ng trong khi nha` va('ng, na`ng le'n sang cho^~ o+? cu?a cha`ng, co' ca^u :

"DDo^.ng dda`o" la` ddo^.ng DDa`o Nguye^n, Kie^`u du`ng lo^'i tha^.m xu+ng, dde^` cao cho^~ o+? cu?a ti`nh nha^n nhu+ 1 co~i tie^n.

Trong "Ta^`n cung nu+~ oa'n Ba'i co^ng va(n" cu?a Nguye^~n Hu+~u Chi?nh (?) co' ca^u :

Trong ba`i "Hu+o+ng So+n Nha^.t Tri`nh" cu?a Chu Ma.nh Trinh (1862-1905, ngu+o+`i go^'c Hu+ng Ye^n, na(m 31 tuo^?i ddo^~ Tie^'n si~ va`o na(m Tha`nh Tha'i thu+' IV, 1892; o^ng co`n no^?i tie^'ng la` 1 nha` tho+ co' ta^m ho^`n pho'ng khoa'ng, co' tu+ tu+o+?ng la~ng ma.n, gio?i ca? ca^`m ky` thi ho.a) co' ca^u :

Va^.y ddo^.ng DDa`o, DDa`o hoa nguye^n, DDa`o nguye^n, ddo^.ng Bi'ch, la` chi? cho^~ tie^n o+? va` pha't xua^'t tu+` ddie^?n ti'ch tre^n.

Ngoa`i ra la.i co' ti'ch 2 ngu+o+`i te^n Lu+u Tha^`n va` Nguye^~n Trie^.u, nha^n nga`y Te^'t DDoan ngo. (mo^`ng 5 tha'ng 5 A^m li.ch) ddi ha'i thuo^'c la.c va`o ddo^.ng Thie^n Thai, ddu+o+.c ke^'t duye^n cu`ng tie^n nu+~. DDu+o+.c i't la^u, Lu+u - Nguye^~n xin ve^` tha(m nha`. Khi tro+? la.i ti`m ca?nh cu~ thi` kho^ng tha^'y.

Nhu+ va^.y "cho^'n Thie^n thai", "cho^'n DDa`o nguye^n" la` chi? cho^~ cu?a tie^n o+?.

DDu+o+.c a(n ca?, nga~ ve^` kho^ng

VN co' tha`nh ngu+~ "DDu+o+.c a(n ca?, nga~ ve^` kho^ng" ddu+o+.c coi nhu+ mang y' nghi~a tu+o+ng ddo^`ng vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "Co^ chu' nha^'t tri.ch" (Do^'c tu'i lie^.ng 1 la^`n va`o chie^'u ba.c; tri.ch : ne'm) cu?a Trung Hoa

Du+o+'i trie^`u vua Cha^n To^ng nha` To^'ng, co' 1 vi. Te^? tu+o+'ng ta`i ddu+'c, ho. Kha^'u te^n Chua^?n.

Mo^.t la^`n, ro+. Khie^'t DDan hie^'u chie^'n, kho+?i binh dda'nh pha' trung nguye^n. The^' gia(.c ma.nh nhu+ che? tre, tu+` bie^n gio+'i dda'nh tha(?ng va`o to+'i ddi.a pha^.n huye^.n Bo^.c Du+o+ng ti?nh Ha` Ba('c. Tin tu+'c ddu+o+.c ca^'p ba'o ve^` trie^`u. Trie^`u ddi`nh la^.p tu+'c trie^.u ta^.p 1 phie^n ho.p kha^?n.

Te^? tu+o+'ng Kha^'u Chua^?n dde^` nghi. To^'ng Cha^n To^ng ne^n tha^n chinh dde^? la`m nu+'c lo`ng binh si~, co' va^.y mo+'i che^' ngu+. ddu+o+.c gia(.c Khie^'t DDan hu`ng ma.nh. Vua To^'ng Cha^n To^ng ba(`ng lo`ng, nho+` do' trie`u di`nh tha('ng 1 tra^.n ra^'t lo+'n o+? dda^'t Tie^`n Uye^n, phi'a ta^y huye^.n Bo^.c Du+o+ng, ti?nh Ha` Ba('c.

Tie^'p ddo', khi' the^' qua^n ddo^.i trie^`u ddi`nh ca`ng gia ta(ng ma~nh lie^.t, va` chi? trong 1 tho+`i gian nga('n, dda'nh ba.i toa`n bo^. qua^n Khie^'t DDan, vua Khie^'t DDan pha?i da^ng bie^?u xin ha`ng.

Tu+` ddo', vua To^'ng Cha^n To^ng ddo^'i vo+'i Kha^'u Chua^?n ca`ng the^m ki'nh tro.ng. Nhu+ng trong trie^`u la.i co' 1 ke? sa`m (gie`m pha) tha^`n te^n la` Vu+o+ng Kha^m Nhu+o+.c, vi` ghen ghe't vo+'i Kha^'u Chua^?n, ne^n thu+o+`ng ti`m co+ ho^.i gie`m pha Kha^'u Chua^?n.

1 ho^m, Vu+o+ng Kha^m Nhu+o+.c ddu+o+.c go.i va`o dda'nh ba`i mua vui vo+'i To^'ng Cha^n To^ng, Vu+o+ng Kha^m Nhu+o+.c tha^'y dda^y la` di.p to^'t dde^? gie`m pha Kha^'u Chua^?n, be`n ta^u vo+'i vua ra(`ng :

- Ta^u be^. ha., ho^m nay nha^n dda'nh ba`i ne^n tha^`n xin no'i chuye^.n dda'nh ba`i. Pha`m dda'nh ba`i thi` co' ddu+o+.c co' thua. Nhu+ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p dda~ thua na(.ng, ro^`i ddem he^'t tie^`n ba.c co`n la.i, dda'nh 1 tie^'ng ba.c sau cu`ng, thi` nhu+ va^.y go.i la` "co^ chu'". Nhu+ trong tra^.n Thie^`n Uye^n tru+o+'c kia, khi mo+`i be^. ha. ngu+. gia' tha^n chinh, la` Kha^'u Chua^?n dda~ dda'nh tie^'ng ba.c cho't, tu+'c a'p du.ng ddu+o+`ng lo^'i "co^ chu'" va^.y.

To^'ng Cha^n To^ng nghe xong be`n no^?i gia^.n, nghi~ ra(`ng qua? Kha^'u Chua^?n dda~ ddem vua ra ma` dda'nh tie^'ng ba.c cho't, be`n ddu`ng ddu`ng gia'ng chu+'c Kha^'u Chua^?n, tu+` 1 vi. Te^? Tu+o+'ng dda^`u trie^`u, xuo^'ng la`m quan Tri phu? o+? Thie^?m Cha^u.

Tu+` lo+`i no'i cu?a sa`m tha^`n Vu+o+ng Kha^m Nhu+o+.c trong su+. ti'ch tre^n dda^y, ngu+o+`i ddo+`i sau ru't ra tha`nh ngu+~ "Co^ chu' nha^'t tri.ch".

Tha`nh ngu+~ na`y ve^` sau tro+? tha`nh ca^u no'i tho^ng du.ng trong pha.m vi co+` ba.c. Pha`m 1 ngu+o+`i thua ga^`n he^'t tie^`n, co`n bao nhie^u tie^`n do^'c he^'t ra dda'nh tie^'ng ba.c cuo^'i cu`ng, thi` go.i la` "Co^ chu' nha^'t tri.ch".

Tuy nhie^n, trong nhu+~ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p kho^ng pha?i la` co+` ba.c, cu~ng va^~n co' the^? du`ng tha`nh ngu+~ na`y, dde^? no'i ve^` vie^.c dda(.t he^'t ca? su+'c lu+.c hoa(.c ta`i sa?n va`o 1 vie^.c gi`, ne^'u tha`nh co^ng thi` ddu+o+.c lo+.i ra^'t lo+'n, co`n ne^'u tha^'t ba.i thi` ma^'t he^'t ta^'t ca?.

Vi` tha`nh ngu+~ na`y tho^ng du.ng trong gio+'i co+` ba.c, ne^n ne^'u ddu+o+.c du`ng trong nhu+~ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p kha'c, thi` chi? no'i ve^` nhu+~ng vie^.c xa^'u ma` tho^i.

Cha(?ng ha.n nhu+ 1 ke? buo^n la^.u tha^'t ba.i nhie^`u la^`n, ve't he^'t ta`i sa?n dda(.t va`o chuye^'n buo^n la^.u cuo^'i cu`ng, ne^'u tha`nh co^ng thi` gia`u to, ma` tha^'t ba.i thi` ma^'t he^'t, tru+o+`ng ho+.p na`y chu'ng ta no'i ra(`ng ke? buo^n la^.u ddo' dda~ "Co^ chu' nha^'t tri.ch" va^.y

Tuy nhie^n la` tru+o+`ng ho+.p na`o ddo^i khi cu~ng co' ngoa.i le^.. Tha`nh ngu+~ tre^n cu~ng the^', nghi~a la` ddo^i khi co`n ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? no'i ve^` no^~ lu+.c cuo^'i cu`ng cu?a 1 ngu+o+`i nu+~a.

DDu+o+.c chim be? na', ddu+o+.c ca' que^n no+m

VN co' tha`nh ngu+~ "DDu+o+.c chim be? na', ddu+o+.c ca' que^n no+m", thi` "DDu+o+.c chim be? na'" co' y' nghi~a gio^'ng vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "Tho^' tu+? ca^?u phanh" (tho? che^'t thi` cho' sa(n bi. ddem na^'u) cu?a Trung Hoa, co`n "DDu+o+.c ca' que^n no+m" thi` y' nghi~a tu+o+ng ddo^`ng vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "DDie^?u ta^.n cung ta`ng" (chim he^'t thi` ca^y cung bi. ca^'t ddi".

Quan dda.i phu Pha.m La~i du+o+'i trie^`u Vie^.t Vu+o+ng Ca^u Tie^~n, tu+`ng ddem he^'t ta`i su+'c phu.c vu. cho nu+o+'c Vie^.t cu?a o^ng.

Nu+o+'c Vie^.t va` nu+o+'c Ngo^ co' chie^'n tranh, nu+o+'c Vie^.t vi` qua^n su+. ye^'u ke'm ne^n ba.i tra^.n, Pha.m La~i khuye^n Ca^u Tie^~n ne^n nha^~n nhu.c dda^`u ha`ng.

DDe^'n lu'c tho+`i co+ dda~ chi'n mu`i, ti`nh the^' dda~ hoa`n toa`n thua^.n lo+.i, Pha.m La~i dda~ tha?o ke^' hoa.ch hu+ng binh dda'nh Ngo^, ke^'t qua? la` dda~ giu'p Ca^u Tie^~n tra? ddu+o+.c mo^'i thu` lo+'n lu'c xu+a.

DDo^'i vo+'i Ca^u Tie^~n, va` ca? nu+o+'c Vie^.t, thi` Pha.m La~i la` dde^. nha^'t dda.i co^ng tha^`n. DDa'ng le~ sau khi dda'nh ba.i ddu+o+.c nu+o+'c Ngo^, la`m cho nu+o+'c Vie^.t ddu+o+.c ddo^.c la^.p va` hu+ng thi.nh tro+? la.i, Pha.m La~i se~ ye^n hu+o+?ng vinh hoa phu' quy', thu.. hu+o+?ng su+.dde^`n o+n cu?a Ca^u Tie^~n, nhu+ng Pha.m La~i dda~ kho^ng la`m nhu+ va^.y, ma` la.i xin ca'o quan, bo? he^'t chu+'c tu+o+'c bo^?ng lo^.c, ddi.a vi. quye^`n uy, dde^? so^'ng ne^'p so^'ng ma^y nga`n ha.c no^.i cu?a 1 a^?n si~.

Sau ddo', Pha.m La~i la.i vie^'t thu+, gu+?i cho 1 ba.n ddo^`ng lie^u cu~ cu?a mi`nh la` quan dda.i phu Va(n Chu?ng, khuye^n Va(n Chu?ng cu~ng ne^n ca'o quan, tu+` bo? chu+'c tu+o+'c bo^?ng lo^.c, thi` mo+'i mong tra'nh ddu+o+.c tai ho.a xa?y to+'i sau na`y. Trong la' thu+ ddo', Pha.m La~i co' vie^'t nhu+~ng ca^u nhu+ sau :

Nghi~a la`, chim o+? tre^n cao dda~ bi. ba('n che^'t, thi` ca^y cung to^'t ddu+o+.c ca^'t ddi, loa`i tho? cha.y nhanh dda~ bi. sa(n dduo^?i che^'t he^'t, thi` con cho' sa(n bi. ddem la`m thi.t.

Tu+` la' thu+ na`y cu?a Pha.m La~i gu+?i cho Va(n Chu?ng, ngu+o+`i ddo+`i sau ru't ra tha`nh ngu+~ "Tho^' tu+? ca^?u phanh" (Tho? che^'t thi` cho' sa(n bi. ddem na^'u) dde^? no'i ve^` ngu+o+`i vong a^n bo^.i nghi~a, lu'c kho' kha(n nghe`o he`n thi` nho+` ca^.y ngu+o+`i kha'c, dde^'n khi tha`nh co^ng sung su+o+'ng thi` pha?n bo^.i nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i giu'p mi`nh lu'c tru+o+'c.

Cu~ng tu+` su+. ti'ch tre^n, ngu+o+`i Ta`u co`n co' tha`nh ngu+~ "DDie^?u ta^.n cung ta`n", tuy cu`ng nguo^`n go^'c vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "Tho^' tu+? ca^?u phanh", nhu+ng y' nghi~a co' ddo^i chu't kha'c nhau.

Tha`nh ngu+~ "DDie^?u ta^.n cung ta`ng" (Chim he^'t thi` ca^y cung bi. ca^'t ddi) hi? no'i ve^` su+. que^n o+n ma` tho^i. Bo+?i vi` chim ba('n he^'t, ca^y cung kho^ng co`n du`ng la`m gi` nu+~a, no' bi. ddem ca^'t ddi. Ca^y cung bi. ca^'t ddi, nhu+ng no' kho^ng bi. to^?n ha.i gi`. Nghi~a la` no'i ve^` ke? tha`nh co^ng que^n o+n ngu+o+`i dda~ giu'p mi`nh lu'c tru+o+'c ma` tho^i.

Co`n tha`nh ngu+~ "Tho^' tu+? ca^?u phanh" (Tho? che^'t thi` cho' sa(n bi. ddem na^'u) cha(?ng nhu+~ng no'i ve^` su+. que^n o+n, ma` co`n no'i ve^` su+. pha?n bo^.i. Bo+?i vi` sau khi nhu+~ng con tho? bi. che^'t he^'t, thi` con cho' sa(n bi. chu? ddem ra la`m thi.t, nghi~a la` no' bi. ha.i, dde^'n no^~i ti'nh ma.ng kho^ng co`n. Nghi~a la` no'i ve^` ke? la`m ha.i ngay ca? ngu+o+`i dda~ giu'p mi`nh lu'c tru+o+'c.

Ngoa`i ra, cu`ng y' nghi~a vo+'i tha`nh ngu+~ "Tho^' tu+? ca^?u phanh" co`n co' tha`nh ngu+~ "Hu+~u su+. kie^'n du.ng, vo^ su+. hoa.ch to^.i" (Khi hu+~u su+. thi` ddu+o+.c du`ng, khi vo^ su+. thi` bi. to^.i).

Ca'c tha`nh ngu+~ cu?a VN va` Ta`u no'i tre^n co`n ngu. y' khuye^n ra(`ng khi chi.u o+n cu?a ngu+o+`i kha'c, ne^'u kho^ng tra? o+n ddu+o+.c, thi` cu~ng pha?i to? ra bie^'t o+n, chu+' ddu+`ng vo^ o+n ba.c nghi~a.