Hexagram 58

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 height="100%"><tr> <td valign="top" width=168 BGCOLOR="#000000" TEXT="#F7F7FF" background="03fa11c3.gif"> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Book Antiqua" ><I><B>T</B></I></FONT><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><I>ui</I></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I> </I></FONT> means to "give<IMG SRC="1fb2e700.jpg" border=0 width="46" height="112" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> joy."  <I>Tui </I>leads the common folk and with joy they forget their toil and even their fear of death. She is sometimes also called a sorceress because of her association with the gathering yin energy of approaching winter.  She is a symbol of the West and autumn, the place and time of death</div> <div> .  <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >Left, posthumous title of the Fu Hao.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="70d80860.gif" border=0 width="128" height="134" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Hindu depiction</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >   </FONT><B>The only hexagram that ancient Chinese history positively links to King Wu Ting is Hexagram 63, "The Illustrious Ancestor (Wu Ting) attacked the demon-land and subdued it in three years."   The war was won at "bitter cost."  "The Charge to Yueh,"  </B><I><B>Shu Ching, </B></I><A HREF="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/sbe03/shu02.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/sbe03/sh"><U><I><B>The Book of History</B></I></U></A><B>) </B></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="2f7519a0.jpg" border=0 width="81" height="154" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> <B>wine vessel, tomb 5</B></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><I>Tui</I></FONT><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><I> </I></FONT>means stimulating things through cheering and persuasive speech. <I>I Ching</I> by Ritesema and Karcher.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="2371d150.gif" border=0 width="29" height="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="2371d150.gif" border=0 width="29" height="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="2371d150.gif" border=0 width="29" height="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="7155d960.gif" border=0 width="93" height="150" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </B></div> <div> <B>Tomb 5 Owl</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="2371d150.gif" border=0 width="29" height="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="2371d150.gif" border=0 width="29" height="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="2371d150.gif" border=0 width="29" height="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>The Dark Bird</B></div> <div> <B>    </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >"Even their inner domain was a thousand leagues.</FONT></div> <div> In them the people found sure support.</div> <div> Men from the four seas came in homage."<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>  </I></FONT></div> <div> <I> </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><B> -</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >a poem about King Wu Ting and  the Queen from </FONT><I>The Shih Ching</I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="54580900.gif" border=0 width="128" height="144" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Tomb 5 motif</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Neolithic Pig</div> <div> <IMG SRC="7be804b0.gif" border=0 width="128" height="75" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" BGCOLOR="#000000" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#99CC00" FACE="Arial" ><B>The Online Journal of the I Ching, Yi Jing</B></FONT>     <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#CCCC66" FACE="Arial" >|   <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Online Journal of the I Ching, Yi Ji"><U><B>home</B></U></A></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Yellow River Cultures"><U>Yellow River Cultures</U></A>   |   <A HREF="the_clan_of_fu_hsi__many_fu__anyang.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Crack Bones and Turtle Shells"><U>Crack Bones and Turtle Shells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="yarrow_stalks_in_divination.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Yarrow Stalks"><U>Yarrow Stalks</U></A>   |   <A HREF="the_page_of_kan__the_middle_son.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hexagram 29"><U>Hexagram 29</U></A>   |   <A HREF="the_page_of_li__the_middle_daughter.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hexagram 30"><U>Hexagram 30</U></A>   |   <A HREF="page_of_the_eldest_son.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hexagram 51"><U>Hexagram 51</U></A>   |   <A HREF="the_page_of_ken__the_youngest_son.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hexagram 52"><U>Hexagram 52</U></A>   |   <A HREF="eldest_daughter.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hexagram 57"><U>Hexagram 57</U></A>   |   <B>Hexagram 58</B></div> <div> <IMG SRC="03ef4010.gif" border=0 width="500" height="1" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Hexagram 58</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="2c7644b0.gif" border=0 width="100" height="75" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>T</B><B>he Page of </B><B>Tu</B><B>i</B><I><B>,</B></I><B> the Youngest Daughter</B></div> <div> <B>   <IMG SRC="7c4cbc90.gif" border=0 width="203" height="201" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Tiger Motif on Ax Blade</B></div> <bR> <div> The tigers are protecting the Fu Hao within their  jaws.   </div> <div> Tigers were considered to be the only man-eaters in ancient China. </div> <div>                          </div> <div> <IMG SRC="7ae494b0.jpg" border=0 width="73" height="75" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>The Fu Hao Motif is found below the tigers on the ax.</B></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>     The Fu Hao was a hereditary clan of distaff diviners descended from the "many </B><A HREF="id18_fu.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Yellow River Cultures"><U><B>fu</B></U></A><B>" of prehistory.  </B><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > During the Shang Dynasty, c. 1776-1100 BC,  </FONT><B>the Fu Hao clan were Queens to the kings they served.</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  </div> <bR> <div>   <IMG SRC="7ad488e0.gif" border=0 width="72" height="142" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">    Much of what we know about the Fu Tzu  clan is the work of two scholars who devoted themselves to the study of 253 oracle bones which mention her.  Their  work was presented in a paper delivered at the International Conference on Shang Civilization in 1985."A Brief Discussion of Fu Tzu," by <I>Chang Cheng-lang, </I>and also more papers on the subject found in<I> Studies of Shang  Archeology, </I> Yale University Press, K. C. Chang, editor, 1986.  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >The main premise of the article is that all kings of the Shang Dynasty had a Fu Tzu who were chosen from among the many fu, the hereditary court attendants.  As the chosen Fu Tzu, they managed the sacrifices and the divinations of the royal family. When a sacrifice was made to a deceased king, a sacrifice was also made to his Fu Tzu</FONT>.  <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >Left, Chin Dynasty consort of imperial rank.  The Qin or Chin Dynasty can be dated c. c. 226  BC.  This picture and the one below seem to have a connection to<I>The Dream of the Red Chamber</I>, a classic Chinese romance which can be found in the Links section.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>The Fu Hao of  King Wu Ting's Era </B></div> <div> <B>(1281-1222 BC)</B></div> <div> Introduction</div> <bR> <div> below, crouching  tiger, tomb 5</div> <bR> <div>   <IMG SRC="7b2963c0.gif" border=0 width="150" height="60" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">    Much has been made of the discovery of the tomb of who is called "Lady Fu Hao."  </div> <div>  It seems to have been accepted without question or serious investigation that the word "Fu Hao" may have been a hereditary title rather than just one person. The works of two scholars, Yi-pk'ing<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > Yen and Chang Cheng-lang</FONT>  have challenged that belief.  According to them, the <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >Fu Hao was not one person but a lineage of women Royal Family Diviners of the Shang Dynasty that lasted may have lasted over 1,000 years in imperial service. In my view, these women have been responsible for much writings that comprise  the I Ching as we know it today.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1ce80960.jpg" border=0 width="128" height="150" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">                            </div> <bR> <div>  <B> " The Fu Tzu belonged to a group of hereditary female attendants  (</B><I><B>shih fu</B></I><B>); there could have been Fu Tzu  under every king and there was</B><I><B> not just one</B></I><B> in the reign of Wu Ting."  </B>page 115, <I>infra.  "</I>Shih" means a hereditary clan in service to the king. <I> </I><B>"</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><B>The ritual name of the Fu Hao in the Shang Dynasty was clearly not limited to one person.</B></FONT><B>"</B> p. 131, <I>infra.  </I>Left, the Fu Hao symbol.  The symbol seem to show<I> </I>two  woman  facing one another with a supplicant in between.   The symbol seems to depict an unbroken lineage of the clan of the Fu Tzu.  The top middle sign is the clan sign. The clan sign signifies "The Clinging" as light clings to the objects of the Invisible World.  "The Clinging" is found in the I Ching as Hexagram 30.  This is a description of the process of divination. The sign is taken from many brass rubbings found in her tomb and is colorized.</div> <bR> <div> <B>The Fu Hao or Lady Jing of </B><B> <A NAME="tomb_5_"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B><B>Tomb 5 </B></div> <bR> <div>       <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="7f46cad0.gif" border=0 width="108" height="173" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT>  The Fu Tzu of Tomb 5 was married to the Shang King <I>Wu Ting </I><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >(their reign is dated 1226-1281 BC)</FONT><I>, </I>but her fame rests on what has been discovered about her career as ruler, warrior, and diviner that has been found in the study of oracle bones which speak of her.  This much is known:  She was the Royal Family Diviner and consort of Wu Ting and herself owned a fiefdom.  According to Kerson and Rosemary Huang author of <I>I Ching, </I>she was known as<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><B>Lady Jing</B></FONT>. <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><B> She raised armies, fought battles in the field and quelled rebellion at home.  She was buried with high military honors and became deified by the clan thereafter and probably became the Queen Mother of the West. </B><B> She was a central participant of the era . It would seem that much of  I Ching discussion of military strategy and war pertain to her career.</B></FONT></div> <div>   <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >Left, Chin Dynasty (c. 206 BC), imperial accouterments of rank had probably changed very little since Shang times.</FONT></div> <bR> <div>       Consort Hao or Lady Jing<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > was the highest ranking member of the imperial court and with her spectacular successes, it is quite likely that the story of her times found its way into the I Ching manuscripts of  Kangxi of the Song Dynasty and thus to Naixuan, Wilhelm, Baynes (NWB).  (the alternate names and spellings indicate that during her rule she was called Consort Hao or Lady Jing.  After the end of the Shang Dynasty, anyone whose lineage was traced to the Shang was called "tzu," hence the "Fu Tzu.")</FONT></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  The <A HREF="taoism.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Taoism"><U>Mawang</U></A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="taoism.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Taoism"><U>tui </U></A></FONT>Manuscripts, discovered in 1976 may have some connection to Tui, the Youngest Daughter.  The silk manuscripts are dated c. 100 BC. (Mawangtui is the alternate spelling for "Mawangdui.")</div> <bR> <div> <B>Further Reading</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <bR> <div>      <IMG SRC="7e6544b0.gif" border=0 width="84" height="75" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> There remains speculation as to whether or not<I> Fu Tzu </I> was a  personal name or a title and whether or not the <I>Fu Tzu</I>(s) were concubines to the kings they served.  For a complete discussion of the <I>Fu Tzu</I>, see <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >"A Brief Discussion of Fu Tzu," by <I>Chang Cheng-lang</I></FONT><I>, </I>and also more papers on the subject found in<I> Studies of Shang  Archeology, </I> Yale University Press, K. C. Chang, editor, 1986.  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >The basic work on divination during the Shang Dynasty is <I>Sources of Shang History, the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China, </I>by David N. Keightley. <I>I Ching </I>by Kerson and Rosemary Huang, p.49.(1987) also discusses Lady Jing.</FONT></div> <div>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09e97860.jpg" border=0 width="151" height="134" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1228a640.gif" border=0 width="138" height="100" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="73b80960.jpg" border=0 width="128" height="150" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>                                                                                             </div> <div> From left to right:</div> <div>  1) Artifact from Tomb 5 of the Royal  Tomb.</div> <div>  2) Jade pendant, tomb 5 </div> <div>  3) The <I>Fu Tzu </I>symbol<I>:   </I>Two  woman  facing one another with a supplicant in between.  The top middle sign is her clan sign.  The symbol seems to depict an unbroken lineage of the clan of the Fu Tzu.  The yellow middle symbol means "The Clinging."  As light clings to the objects of the Invisible World.  This is a description of the process of divination.  The sign is taken from many brass rubbings found in her tomb and is colorized.  The human figures with the arms crossed indicates the figure is female.</div> <div>                                              </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Below, the trigram of Tui</div> <bR> <div>                                                                                                                                      <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >         </FONT></div> <div>                                                      <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT>                     </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >       </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >                  </FONT>                                 </div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="3bcfc930.jpg" border=0 width="252" height="147" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> Bodies of Slaves from Tomb 1001, Anyang</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Tomb 5 at Anyang:  Discovered in 1976</B></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00CC66" FACE="Arial" ><B>    </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >  <B>     </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><B>    </B>Since the discovery of this tomb by the archeologist Zheng Zhenxiang (a woman) in 1976, there has been intense scholarly interest in the woman buried there.<B>  </B> Her tomb  contained few oracle bones but there are at least  253 bone inscriptions relating to her that have been found, dated, and studied.</FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT>( see <I>Fu Hao lieh-chuan, </I>by Yi-pk'ing Yen, 1981)<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >There is substantial correlation between the symbols and signs associated with the Fu Hao and Tui, the Youngest Daughter of the I Ching. </FONT> <I><B>Both women are associated with the tiger, war, west, autumn, and </B></I><I><B>death</B></I><I><B>.</B></I><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>  </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >The woman of Tomb 5  was a Royal Family Diviner (the Fu Hao or Fu Tzu).  Her tomb revealed a small robust woman who was buried with high military honors and many implements of battle, including four copper axes with her insignia upon them.  Another prevalent insignia was a human head (presumably hers) held within the jaws of two tigers.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Tomb 5 Had Few Oracle Bones</B></div> <bR> <div> (below, Oracle bone from Tomb 5)</div> <bR> <div> "Divination on day <I>renchen</I> (29th day) Consort Hao will give birth and it will be advantageous.  On <I>guisi </I> day she gave birth; it was a girl."</div> <bR> <div> "Crack Making on <I>renyin </I>(day 39) Consort Hao will give birth but perhaps it will not be advantageous.  The king prognosticated and said "Pray that it not be advantageous.  If it is advantageous, it will not be auspicious.  It (the baby) is in breech.  Like this she will die."</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="3be70a60.jpg" border=0 width="112" height="166" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">      It is puzzling that only a few oracle shells or bones were found in her tomb.  The bones that were found related to her personal life, especially the birth of her children.  Almost 300 inscriptions about her have been found and studied.   Accordingly we must speculate why no oracle bones or shells were buried with her:   Her divinations would have been highly secret, subject to scrutiny by spies and political rivals. <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >The turtle shells may have been either buried with the king (the usual practice), hidden, destroyed, or perhaps handed down as the muniments of title for the next Fu Tzu.</FONT>  Many sacrifices were made to her after her death, as oracle bones record.  Since it appears to be customary to bury such things with the king,  that is where the majority of oracle bones would have been.   Unfortunately the grave of Wu Ting has been looted and few bones were recovered.  David Keightley estimates that somewhere between 5-10% of all oracle bones and shells have been found, many bones have been destroyed, and no doubt much remains to be discovered.  </div> <div>     <IMG SRC="7f956960.jpg" border=0 width="86" height="150" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  Oracle bone inscriptions relating to the Fu Tzu have been found in later graves of women who were also called the Fu Tzu<I>.</I>  After her death, Lady Jing as the Fu Hao of Wu Ting's era, continued as the subject of many sacrifices.  This has confused archeologists and most say that these sacrifices made to the Fu Hao indicate she was only one person rather than a lineage of women.</div> <bR> <div>  Lady Jing  may have even become a protector deity of the cardinal direction West (Mother of the Western Mountain) since her ritual animal, the white tiger is the protector of the West.  We can speculate that her divinations were especially important and meaningful and may have been inherited by the clan of the Fu Tzu's  for use at their innermost rituals.   Membership in this clan, as in all Shang male and female <I>shihs</I> or hereditary court clans, was considered a matter of destiny.  Certainly, these records of her divinations became sacred to her clan and found a permanent home on their most sacred altars! </div> <bR> <div> Left, Queen Mother of the Western Mountain, deification of the Fu Hao)</div> <bR> <div>    </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="7b396780.gif" border=0 width="150" height="120" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">   I would like to think that the turtle shells that had been sacred to her clan since time immemorial, found their way back to the clan who kept her memory alive the ones who sought the advice and protection of the Fu Tzu  who had been their most illustrious ancestor.   The successor Fu Tzu certainly would have received some of the most important turtle shells.  More intriguing questions remain:  </FONT> Why did the Youngest Daughter use fresh water <A HREF="id18_turtles.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Yellow River Cultures"><U>turtles</U></A> almost exclusively)?  What was her familial clan? How was she trained to perform divination and by whom?  What was the history of her clan?<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >  Where are their myths and stories?  What were their origins?  What geographical location did her people come from?</FONT></div> <div>  Left, Shang jade turtle</div> <bR> <div>      <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >      </FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>Warrior/Queen</B></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > <IMG SRC="7ab517d0.jpg" border=0 width="81" height="125" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">   </FONT> The Fu Hao also is said to have unified the country within by stopping internal rebellions.  She also, according to Yi-pk'ing Yen, pacified and earned the support of neighboring tribes within and protected the realm from enemy invasion without. She raised and rode at the head of an army of over 13,000 men to repel the Qiang. The white tiger, left, was her guardian symbol and the Shang sign for war, commonly called the "tiger tally."</div> <bR> <div> Moreover, it is said that she was responsible for uniting the country and raising an army to repel the Huns of the north.   In raising these armies we can speculate that she was known for persuasive speech.  The I Ching probably remembers her as Tui and describes her powers of persuasion as described in Hexagram 58:</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I>"</I><I><B>When the hearts of men are won</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>by friendliness, they are led to take</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>all hardships upon themselves </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>willingly, and if need be will not shun</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>death itself so great is the power</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>of joy over men.</B></I><B>" </B></div> <div> <I><B>Book I:  The Text </B></I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Keeper of the Sacrifices</B></div> <bR> <div> Below, woman/diviner with turtle in green</div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFCC00" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="750597e0.gif" border=0 width="89" height="126" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT>  In Shang society the ritual of sacrifices to ancestors and nature gods were the king's prerogative.  One of the chief aims of divination was to determine what sacrifices would be pleasing to the ancestors and gods.  An appropriate sacrifice meant the offering would be well-received.  To please the ancestor or deity was to ensure victory in war, or a bountiful harvest, an easy birth, a successful hunt, or to ferret out traitors to the crown.  The Fu Hao was especially responsible for determining the appropriate sacrifices to be made to the ancestors .  It appears that great significance was given to her sacrifices to the ancestors following military victories.  The quote below indicates that she chose the simple sacrifice of a pig following a bitter war with the Huns of the north.  The simple sacrifice of a pig is more pleasing to the ancestors because it was done with sincerity of heart and "God looks into the heart." </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> "<B>The neighbor in the east who slaughters an ox</B></div> <div> <B>Is not as much in harmony with the time </B></div> <div> <B>as the western neighbor. (The Shang)</B></div> <div> <B>The latter attains true happiness:  Good</B></div> <div> <B>fortune comes in great measure."</B></div> <div> <B>Hexagram 63:5</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div>  Below are divinations concerning appropriate sacrifices:</div> <bR> <div> On the day of Ping-tzu, K'o divined: Should Princess Hsieh be purified in front of Ancestor Keng? Should one or three pairs of sheep be promised?" </div> <bR> <bR> <div> "Should a petition for rain be addressed to Hsi? Should nine pairs of sheep be sacrificed?</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Should a slave be burned at the stakes? Will rain then happen?" </div> <bR> <bR> <div> Should an army be raised to fight against the Huns of the north? Should three-thousand or one thousand men be recruited? Should the petition for victory in the campaign against the Huns be addressed to Ancestor T'ang or Shang-chia? </div> <div>     </div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="2521f090.jpg" border=0 width="287" height="265" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>Rubbings , above, found on brass objects in her tomb depict the many sacrifices she made to the ancestors.  There is scholarly debate on the identity of the sacrificial animal.  After placing her in the I Ching and Hexagram 63:5 there can be no doubt that the sacrifice is a pig.  Above the pig there appears what is probably the jaws of a pig.  This "small sacrifice" made for a victory over the Huns , came at the end of a long and bloody war and is discussed </B></I><I><B>below</B></I><I><B>.  These customs were very ancient in 1535 BC, stemming from Neolithic times.  The  fork symbol at the top is probably her clan sign .</B></I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The Fu Tzu as the Royal Family Diviner</B></div> <bR> <div>  (<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > Below</FONT>, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > 7,000 cowrie shells, below, were found in the tomb, cowries were</FONT></div> <div>  traditionally gifts from the king and  indicated fertility and were also a</div> <div> medium of exchange.)</div> <bR> <div>      <IMG SRC="33155490.gif" border=0 width="85" height="73" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> She, with the king alone in here presence, divined the strategy  for defeating enemy invaders and led troops to repel at least three armies raised against her.  By virtue of her rank her prognostications had no need for circumspection; she was not afraid to be wrong or to incur the king's wrath for a bad omen. <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >Oracle bone inscriptions relating to her frequently have the inscription of "Li," which to an I Ching scholar would indicate her association with hexagram 30, Li, the hexagram of diviners</FONT>.   Her clan sign resembles the word " light clinging" to something (See the clan sign in yellow, below.)  By the process of divination the <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFF33" FACE="Arial" ><I>Light Clings to the objects of the Invisible World and reveals the future</I></FONT>.  </div> <div> <IMG SRC="59458590.jpg" border=0 width="88" height="89" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">     Diviners are frequently accused of being vague in order to protect themselves from being wrong; not so with this woman or her clan. By virtue of her rank she had no need to for obfuscation and vagueness in order to protect herself from possible mistakes. This is an enviable position for a diviner because she can be honest about the divination and then formulate plans  to overcome the difficulty.    From this we can speculate further that she may have made more insightful contributions on how to use the <I>Yi</I> effectively:  She probably was skillful enough to change political or military strategies when divinations revealed the intended plan would be unsuccessful.  On the eve of battle, she would have known how high the stakes had become!  The destinies of a whole people were placed in the hands of the Fu Hao and her husband, Wu Ting. In this they were extremely successful.  It is said their reign lasted  55 years.  </div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>The Fu Tzu , Was She the Youngest Daughter?</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Can We Find Her in the I Ching?</B></div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B> </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="5b1606c0.gif" border=0 width="96" height="108" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT></div> <bR> <div> Hexagram 63</div> <div> After Crossing the Great Water/After Completion</div> <bR> <div> <I>above:  The Abysmal, Water</I></div> <div> <I>below : The Clinging, Fire</I></div> <div> <I>nuclear trigrams:  Fire and Water in reverse order</I></div> <bR> <div> <B>Note:</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>For a discussion of trigrams, see the Page of Hexagram </B><A HREF="the_page_of_ken__the_youngest_son_moon_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hexagram 52"><U><B>52</B></U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The Traditional Commentary of Wilhelm/Baynes</B></div> <bR> <div> THE IMAGE</div> <bR> <div> Water over fire:  The image of the condition in</div> <div>  AFTER COMPLETION.</div> <div> Thus the superior person</div> <div> Takes thought of misfortune </div> <div> And arms himself against it in advance.</div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="7ef438d0.jpg" border=0 width="67" height="141" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> <B>Traditional Commentary in Red</B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Non traditional commentary in Green</B></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> THE LINES</div> <bR> <div> Nine at the beginning:</div> <bR> <div> He brakes his wheels.</div> <div> He get his tail in the water.  </div> <div> The attack is from behind.</div> <div> The primary trigram Li, which is the Middle Daughter has a woman as its symbol.</div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT>Below<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >,</FONT> Shang pictogram of a chariot as seen from above.</div> <bR> <div>   <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="7dd664b0.gif" border=0 width="102" height="75" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT>      <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >The Fu Hao, a woman, is traveling to visit with a local ally.  She is escorted by soldiers.  The local feudal lord, an ally, has failed to provide adequate protection to the Fu Hao's entourage.  </FONT></div> <div> <IMG SRC="6234b3c0.jpg" border=0 width="75" height="60" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>  The little fox gets his tail wet.</div> <bR> <div>  <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >While the Fu Hao and her military escort are attacked from the rear.</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Six in the second place:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="5d45a6b0.gif" border=0 width="90" height="107" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="7f547350.gif" border=0 width="71" height="53" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >The second line is the beginning of the trigram Kan.</FONT>  <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >  Kan means wheel  and wagon.  Kan also means thieves therefore thieves steal the curtain of the woman's carriage and she is exposed to attack.</FONT></div> <bR> <div>  The  Fu Hao's party is ambushed from behind at a river crossing.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><IMG SRC="7f73c2a0.gif" border=0 width="60" height="42" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > Li is the lower trigram meaning woman and woman's curtain according to the traditional commentary.  </FONT></div> <bR> <div>  It is a reference to the Fu Hao herself, not a woman's curtain or veil.  It may be that the Fu Hao herself or some of her escort party are taken captive.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Do not run after the curtain; on the seventh day you will get it as a result of  the middle way.  She remains true to her husband (the fifth line) and her veil is returned.</div> <bR> <div> Li indicates that it is a woman traveling. The trigram Li indicates divination was performed as to what course to follow.  The Fu Hao herself was attacked.   She is in an exposed position.   In accordance with holding back firmly as was divined, she refuses to counterattack.  They remain hidden.  The middle way is a reference to mystical practices common to both Buddhism and Taoism and beyond the scope of this article but it would indicate that whatever was stolen is returned</div> <bR> <div> Nine in third place:</div> <div> <IMG SRC="5d6687a0.gif" border=0 width="104" height="122" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> The Illustrious Ancestor (Wu TIng)</div> <div> Disciplines the Devil's Country (the Huns)</div> <div> After three years he conquers it.  This is exhausting.</div> <div>  </div> <div> Comments:</div> <bR> <div> The third line refers to her husband, Wu Ting not the fifth line.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Six in the fourth place:</div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="7c6535e0.gif" border=0 width="83" height="94" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> The finest clothes turn to rags.</div> <div> Be careful all day long.  There is cause for doubt.</div> <div> Cheng Tzu gives an alternate explanation:  It is the image of a boat but there are holes for plugging them up.</div> <bR> <div> The Fu Hao escapes in a leaky old boat.  She is disguised in rags.  The rags have to be used to plug up holes in the boat.  They hide in a secret place.</div> <bR> <div> Nine in the fifth place:</div> <div> <IMG SRC="7f670800.gif" border=0 width="112" height="128" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> The neighbor in the west who slaughters an ox</div> <div> Does not attain as much real happiness</div> <div> As the neighbor in the west</div> <div> With his small offering of the pig</div> <div> Good fortune in great measure.</div> <bR> <div> The Fu Hao determines the a simple sacrifice made for the victory over the demon-lands is appropriate because the offering comes from the heart and "god looks into the heart."</div> <bR> <div> Miscellaneous comments:</div> <bR> <div>  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="73d96580.gif" border=0 width="150" height="88" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> The pig was a sincere offering even though small when compared to the "neighbor's offering of an ox performed by an "eastern neighbor."  Because they offered a pig at precisely the right time, they experienced greater happiness.   </FONT></div> <bR> <div>       In the times of Wu Ting customs of graveside ritual offerings of liquids from the pig's body, pig skulls, and pig jaws were still observed.  The custom it is said, began in Neolithic times.  The pig may represent an offering to the deceased Fu Tzu in the pictures below or it commemorate the victory over the demon-lands.</div> <div>     </div> <div>       The line points to an elaborate sacrifice and other outward displays that were performed by the eastern neighbor were not as appropriate as a small, simple offering from the heart.  Directly above the pig is a circular symbol that  represents the jaw of a pig which was also part of the offering ceremony.<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> Six at the top:</div> <bR> <div> He gets his head wet.  Danger.</div> <div> While crossing the water he turns back and so</div> <div> He incurs danger of drowning.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> In the first line the attack is from the rear.  This line indicates that again the party is crosses the river but must turn back when divination reveals the enemy waits in ambush ahead. Since they must re-cross the river, there is danger of drowning.  This foresight and clarity of mind with this surprise tactic allows the Fu Hao and her party to narrowly escape disaster.  This commentary demonstrates that the Yi can be used to change the future.  At the end the danger is not overcome and they must be extremely cautious.</div> <bR> <bR> <div>                        </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The White Tiger Was the Fu Tzu's Totem</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div>     <IMG SRC="7b97d600.jpg" border=0 width="125" height="96" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">    The tiger, or the clairvoyant sign of a  white tiger, may have been an ablative omen, a vision or sign that war was approaching. Throughout the history of the I Ching portents and omens, especially dreams have then been clarified through divination.   Richard Rutt, in his meticulous book,  <I>Zhouyi, The Book of Changes</I>, mentions that the fox that gets his head wet in hexagram 63:6 may have originally been a dream or a vision of danger that found its way into the line statements. We know that the vision or dream of a white tiger was to them a significant omen. Did the sight of the white tiger in autumn mean it was going to be a cold winter Or was a troubling, repetitive dream signifying approaching war?  </div> <bR> <div>  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="7e992610.jpg" border=0 width="146" height="97" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> Was the tiger a totem, a guardian or protector?  </FONT>In the I Ching, the tiger spies about sharply looking for opportunity.  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Did she travel shamanically in the body of the tiger </FONT>perhaps watching from a high mountain and keeping a vigil over her lands and people?.  It seems that the tiger was both her totem and guardian.  </div> <bR> <div> <B>Recommended Reading</B></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="7e6544b0.gif" border=0 width="84" height="75" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Hexagram 63 both in </FONT> <I>I Ching </I>by Kerson and Rosemary Huang (1987) and  <I>I Ching </I>by Wilhelm-Baynes.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>  <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><B>The White Tiger Was a Shang Guardian Spirit</B></FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div>    <IMG SRC="7bd96950.gif" border=0 width="150" height="149" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">    The I Ching, in addition to being a philosophical and cosmic guide also reveals the history and experience of those who depended on divination for the protection of their kingdoms without and from political intrigue within.  Four copper battle axes engraved with her name have been recovered from her tomb.  This was unusual to find weapons in a woman's grave. (Her emblem is not very visible in the picture, left.  It is same motif as the Fu Hao sign.  Axes symbolized military authority and power.   <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >The tiger motif on the battle-axes symbolized that the tiger gave them the </FONT><IMG SRC="7ae494b0.jpg" border=0 width="73" height="75" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >power of death over their enemies.</FONT>  The tiger was not only a protector but a fierce warrior symbol as well.   The white tiger was so revered by the Shang that the tiger later became one of the four cosmic animals who preside over the four seasons of the year. The tiger is the cosmic protector of the West. </div> <bR> <div>  Above, ax blade, Tomb  5.  Right, enlargement of the emblem below the picture. <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <bR> <div>    </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <I><IMG SRC="25c3a260.gif" border=0 width="58" height="38" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Line Statements or the Diviner's Formulae</B></div> <bR> <div>   <IMG SRC="54149a60.gif" border=0 width="73" height="166" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >When a diviner is especially successful, her or his divinations are kept within a particular line of a hexagram.  That is often why there seems to be an incongruence between the overall theme of a hexagram and a statement found within a line of the hexagram.</FONT>   The line statements of Hexagram 7, The Army contain such statements as "the army will be defeated, "the second line is appointed by the king to be the general," "the army retreats", and " perchance the army carries corpses in the wagon."  all indicate a time where divination was used to decide military strategy in real life-and-death situations.  The old meaning of Hexagram 49  was "To Campaign," as in armies in the field.  This hexagram points to the use of the I Ching for an army is the field.  This army would need good scouting, logistics, and strategy.  The Yi became a field manual for the army! </div> <div>       Hexagram 63 is the only direct reference to war in the Wu Ting era:  It speaks of the conquest of the "demon-lands" in three years by Wu Ting,  <I>Shu Ching, Book of History</I>.   The <I>Lianshuan</I><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > , the earliest known I Ching is translated as "Manifestation of Change in the Mountains."  This translation could easily mean "Manifestation of the Changes in the Mountains," meaning how the I Ching manifested itself in its hexagrams and images during their time as an army in the mountains. </FONT> I believe that Hexagrams 52-64 directly relate to the events that occurred during the reign of Wu Ting and his Fu Hao, probably many hexagrams are the story of Wu Ting's reign. </div> <bR> <div> Above, owl from Tomb 5</div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>A Comparison of  the Fu Tzu and The Youngest Daughter</B></div> <bR> <div>        Just as the Fu Tzu, the Youngest Daughter is closely associated with the West, the white tiger, war and autumn.  I conjecture that  the Naixuan/Wilhem/Baynes text refers to this high noblewoman found in Tomb 5 at Anyang. </div> <bR> <div> <B>War</B></div> <bR> <div>        The Fu Tzu's or Royal Family Diviners used turtle shell divination in the exercise of the one of the more sophisticated exercises of state craft:  Military and political strategy. War is a central subject is many of the hexagrams in Naixuan/Wilhelm/Baynes. But this Fu Tzu did more:  She is also credited with uniting competing factions within the country by quelling internal dissent. At the time of Wu Ting's succession they were at war with seven small states or tribes.  This uneasy peace and shifting alliances continued throughout the 39 years of his reign.    </div> <div>       </div> <bR> <div> <B>Autumn and the Cardinal Direction of the West</B></div> <bR> <div>        The association with the season of Autumn and the cardinal direction of the West may provide a further clue:   Attack by less wealthy border tribes was a constant concern of this wealthy kingdom. Attack by enemies is most apt to occur in the autumn after the crops are harvested and before the mountain passes are closed by the winter snows. </div> <div>      The Queen Mother of the West, the Chinese deity who governs that direction, is probably a deification of the Fu Hao of the Wu Ting era.  The symbol of the West is the white tiger.</div> <div>   <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT></div> <div>     </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Tiger Mother/Clan:  Hou T'u Mu or Ssu T'u Mu</B></div> <bR> <div>       </div> <div> <IMG SRC="7b094960.jpg" border=0 width="148" height="150" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> Another prevalent name in the tomb was <I>Hou T'u Mu</I>. There is really no doubt that it refers to the same person, Fu Hao.  Specifically, "Hou" means tiger and "Mu," mother.  Such a title was given when a woman married.  Her  matrilineal clan name was "Hou," so it could mean the "<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >tiger clan</FONT>."  Others support the view that the various names in the tomb mean that they were the three bodies of Wu Ting's wives. (Most scholars find this implausible.)  </div> <bR> <div> The tigers look like protectors and guardians (see below).  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >Also, the famed <I>tiger tally</I> (white tiger) was the Shang sign that war was imminent.  And the tiger tally was the sign for war during the reign of Wu Ting.</FONT>  The White Tiger was also used to worship the West (or to make sacrifices to the West.  <B>The Fu Hao's association with the tiger that leads to the hypothesis that she has been immortalized in the I Ching as</B><I><B> Tui</B></I><B>, the Youngest Daughter. </B> </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Lianshan and Guicang - The Two Earliest Yi Jing Versions</B></div> <bR> <div>  <IMG SRC="7ae494b0.jpg" border=0 width="73" height="75" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">    </div> <div>        The earliest known version of the Yi, the <I>Lianshan </I>probably was available to them.   IThe <I>Yi Jing</I> in it earliest known versions, the <I>Lianshan</I> and the<I> Guicang </I>would have been the versions of the <I>Yi</I>  that would have been written by and about them.  The Shang Dynasty had already lasted for 300 or so years by the time of their reign. </div> <div>      There is no doubt in my mind that her training as a diviner was rigorous and she was chosen from within her clan from among several other candidates.  This clan would have been the repository of the ancient Yi Ching whether on bone, bamboo, or silk.  The Yi was also very likely to have also been memorized and passed down by oral tradition within the clan. </div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >    <IMG SRC="7e196450.gif" border=0 width="150" height="69" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> The<I> I Ching </I>was at the height of its influence by the time Wu Ting came to power.  No doubt the <I>I Ching</I> owes much to this Fu Hao and no doubt she and her successors brought the skill of divination to an even higher level of art.  </FONT>The "many <A HREF="id18_fu.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Yellow River Cultures"><U>Fu</U></A>,"  the ancient, wise women who lived on the water and read turtle shells had founded a clan that gave the Yi Jing its beginning.  No doubt they continued as diviners throughout the Shang Dynasty and then as a clan offered sacrifices at the time for such ceremonies in the successor dynasty, the Zhou.  This was the custom.  As diviners and scribes they must have written the <I>Lianshuan</I> and <I>Guicang</I>, the second I Ching text and the manuscripts survived as a "layer of meaning" in Wilhelm, Baynes especially <I>Book III, The Commentaries.</I></div> <div>      </div> <bR> <div> <B>The Keepers of Heaven and Earth:  Distaff Diviner Clans</B></div> <bR> <div>       When the Shang Dynasty ended what happened to the distaff diviner clans is one question that has a likely answer: The Fu Hao Clan continued in their ancestral fiefs and also  become scribes, diviners, and  librarians connected with the new dynasties.  It was customary for former imperial lineages to also be present at state functions and offer sacrifices to their ancestors although they were no longer the royal family.    </div> <div>  </div> <div>     <IMG SRC="7b63f4d0.gif" border=0 width="63" height="77" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  Distaff divination clans continued well into the Han Dynasty (c. 300 BC) and perhaps beyond.  The  Han Dynasty distaff diviner clan(s) were called "The Keepers of Heaven and Earth," which is the same name they were called during the Shang Dynasty over 1,000 years earlier.  Interestingly, there seem to be two distaff clans during the Han Dynasty:  One connected with Hexagram 50;  the other,  with Hexagram 30.  Left, the ting described in Hexagram 50, one of the symbols of the ancient diviner clans.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The Basic Intellectual Premise </B></div> <bR> <div>    <IMG SRC="7b862610.gif" border=0 width="98" height="97" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">   In my analysis of the Fu Hao I have pulled the thread of I Ching analysis though all the data and studies of Tomb 5. I feel gratified to find that my theories do mesh with two scholars, (see Chang Cheng-lang  and Yi-pk'ing Yen, above) who have analyzed the bone inscriptions of the Fu Tzu.  If  this hypothesis correct, namely that the Fu Tzu was a lineage of diviners that may have lasted over 1,000 years, we open a whole new realm of possibilities. <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > This infuses the Naixuam/Wilhelm/Baynes work with another possible layer of meaning:   Who was the Youngest Daughter, or any of the daughters and sons for that matter?</FONT>  By doing this we add a layer of meaning  that may allow us to venture even further back into the origins of the Yi and the organic processes that brought it to life.  It is a more intuitive approach that is understandably lacking in the conjecture found in scientific and archeological circles.  </div> <bR> <div>   <IMG SRC="7ef438d0.jpg" border=0 width="67" height="141" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Guatemala" >Out of this I Ching analysis of Tomb 5 and the Fu Tzu oracle bones there may emerge a clearer picture of the role that women played in prehistory and Shang times. I think women were more than concubines and wives; they were diviners and central participants in the events of their Age. </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Other Diviners in Wu Ting's Court</B></div> <bR> <div>     <IMG SRC="7d7964a0.gif" border=0 width="150" height="74" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">  From studies of Shang Dynasty history we know that there were at least 7 other lesser ranked diviners in Wu Ting's court and many of their divinations on bone and turtle shells have provided information about the Court.  Cracking bones and turtle shells seem to have occupied a significant amount of time in both the preparation of the shells and bones and the laborious process of cracking them.  Turtle shells were imported from the southern regions in huge quantities.  The Court used so many turtle shells that providing them must have been a rural cottage industry.  No doubt the stench of burning shell and bone was omnipresent in the royal court. </div> <bR> <div>  Left, top half of an under shell of a turtle, "plastron," used in divination.</div> <div>      </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>    <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >. </FONT></div> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The Pig Ceremony-A Glimpse Into the Stone Age,  New Guinea, 1961</B></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" ><B>   </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="40389500.gif" border=0 width="137" height="80" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT><B>  </B>Once or twice a year, depending on the fortunes of the clan, they will hold a ceremony which renews the power of the holy stones:  The cleaning of the stones with grease of the ceremonial pig, wam wisa, is the most sacred ritual practiced by the Akuni peoples.<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >   The feast is attended by warriors and leaders of clans as well as their leaders, male relatives, leading warriors, and boys of all the other clans depending on their significance and kinship. </FONT></div> <bR> <div> <B>Greeting and Singing to Honor Slain Warriors</B></div> <bR> <div>       A period of greeting and singing begin.  The singing includes a crying sound much like that of mourning.  The crying lasts ten minutes or so and it is followed by an excited chatter:  This part of the ceremony is to bury feuds and any bad feelings within the clan itself.  In a special garden-like place surrounded by shady banana trees and casaurina trees, a new cooking pit is dug.   <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >Near that area is a small cemetery of warriors whose spirits will be commemorated this day</FONT>.   All morning the men work stacking the wood.  The medicine man or wisukan, carrying his bags of medicine,  supervises the ritual pertaining to the holy stones.   The participants grease themselves with pig grease and the wailing begins anew.  <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" >The medicine man has a small hut on the sacred ground which contain cupboards filled with small packets and holy stones. </FONT></div> <bR> <div>          There was a bow and arrow and it was used to kill the pigs.  One man held the first pig by the head and another man held it by its haunches.  The pig struggled free and had to be recaptured by eight strong warriors.  There was general laughter and finally, as the pig shuddered and struggled one warrior shot it through the head.  More small pigs were brought and killed and ran bleeding through the sacred plot of ground.  One pig had been shot badly and was finished with a spear.  In all, nine pigs had been killed.  A large sow was a long time in the fire and many men worked hard over all the pigs scrapping the hair from them and dressing them.     </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>The Dead Are Not Neglected</B></div> <bR> <div>   <IMG SRC="69a64640.gif" border=0 width="100" height="100" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">   A large fire was readied and cooking stones rolled into the pit.  Behind the fire, in a small fenced-off area is where the dead spirits are said to live.  This space was cleaned and weeded to show the dead they are not neglected.  On a nearby rack huge slabs of bloody meat now hang and the arms of the warriors are bloody from dressing the meat.  The pit is lined with the hot stones upon which is placed packets of pig meat wrapped in banana leaves.  A special fern is also placed in the layers of meat and water from a sacred gourd is sprinkled upon the bundles.  The pit is wrapped up with woven grass.</div> <bR> <div>      Late in the afternoon, the pit was opened and more than one hundred men gathered to eat the meat and the ferns.  Strips of fat were taken from the large sow and passed around.  All participated in this moment of sharing.  The men ate with gusto and saved  some of the fat nearest to the hide to rub on their own bodies.  The men believe that the grease of a ceremonial pig provides both strength and a good appearance.</div> <bR> <div>      A bundle of fiber strings which are worn by the warriors in battle are rubbed in wisa grease.  The strings are especially important to men who have recently been wounded and need protection in the future. <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > The next morning, the holy stones are cleansed in the traditional way in the hut of  the medicine man.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="7e6544b0.gif" border=0 width="84" height="75" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT>Based on the book<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#00FF00" FACE="Arial" > <I>Under the Mountain Wall</I></FONT><I>:  a chronicle of two seasons in the stone age, </I>by Peter Matthiessen.  On this New Guinea expedition, Michael Rockefeller,  grandson of the founder of Standard Oil, disappeared and was presumed dead.   His body has never been found.</div> <bR> <div>     </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> <IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="1ed261c0.gif" border=0 width="38" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Visit Part Two of this Web site:</B></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="want_to_be_an_i_ching_diviner_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Diviners Page"><U><B>Diviner's Page</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id39.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Diviners Code of Ethics"><U><B>Diviner's Code of Ethics</B></U></A></div> <div> <A 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