POLYARTERITIS NODOSA | home
references
tFor more information on Polyarteritis Nodosa, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.(NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-8923
Telephone: (203) 746-6518
Fax: (203) 746-6481
Toll free: (800) 999-6673
TDD: (203) 746-6927
e-mail: orphan@rarediseases.org
Home Page: http://www.rarediseases.org
NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
9000 Rockville Pike
Building 31A
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-5717
Home Page: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc.
22100 Gratiof Ave
East Detroit, MI 48201--2227
(313) 371-8600
(800) 598-4668
e-mail: aarda@aol.com
Home Page: http://www.aarda.org/
Alarcon-Segovia D: Polyarteritis nodosa, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and other eosinophilic syndromes. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1990 Feb; 2(1): 50-4[Medline].
Boehm I, Bauer R: Low-dose methotrexate controls a severe form of polyarteritis nodosa [In Process Citation]. Arch Dermatol 2000 Feb; 136(2): 167-9[Medline].
Chudacek Z: Angiographic diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa of the liver, kidney and mesentery. Br J Radiol 1967 Nov; 40(479): 864-5[Medline].
Cohen P, Guillevin L, Baril L: Persistence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in asymptomatic patients with systemic polyarteritis nodosa or Churg-Strauss syndrome: follow-up of 53 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995 Mar-Apr; 13(2): 193-8[Medline].
Fujioka M, Bender T, Young LW: Polyarteritis nodosa in children: radiological aspects and diagnostic correlation. Radiology 1980 Aug; 136(2): 359-64[Medline].
Guillevin L, Lhote F, Jarrousse B: Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A retrospective study of 66 patients. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1992; 143 Suppl 1: 63-74[Medline].
Guillevin L, Lhote F, Sauvaget F: Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus with interferon-alpha and plasma exchanges. Ann Rheum Dis 1994 May; 53(5): 334-7[Medline].
Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gherardi R: Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical aspects, neurologic manifestations, and treatment. Neurol Clin 1997 Nov; 15(4): 865-86[Medline].
Hekali P, Kajander H, Pajari R: Diagnostic significance of angiographically observed visceral aneurysms with regard to polyarteritis nodosa. Acta Radiol 1991 Mar; 32(2): 143-8[Medline].
Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L: Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus 1998; 7(4): 238-58[Medline].
Lightfoot RW Jr, Michel BA, Bloch DA: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1990 Aug; 33(8): 1088-93[Medline].
Macovei M, Popa C, Alexianu ME: Particular neurological aspects in vascular autoimmune diseases. II. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa. Neurol Psychiatr (Bucur) 1989 Oct-Dec; 27(4): 249-60[Medline].
Prescott JE, Johnson JE, Dice WH: Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as seizures. Ann Emerg Med 1983 Oct; 12(10): 642-4[Medline].
Travers RL, Allison DJ, Brettle RP: Polyarteritis nodosa: a clinical and angiographic analysis of 17 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1979 Feb; 8(3): 184-99[Medline].
Trepo CG, Zucherman AJ, Bird RC: The role of circulating hepatitis B antigen/antibody immune complexes in the pathogenesis of vascular and hepatic manifestations in polyarteritis nodosa. J Clin Pathol 1974 Nov; 27(11): 863-8[Medline].
Walker GL, ALIA: Neurological features of polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Exp Neurol 1978; 15: 237-47[Medline].
1. Ryan TJ. Cutaneous vasculitis, In: Champion RH, Burton JZ, Ebling FJG (eds): Rook/Wilkinson/Ebling Textbook of Dermatology. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, 5th ed., 1992, pp.1893-l96l.
2. Jorizzo JL, Solomon AR, Zanoli MD, Leshin B. Neutrophi¡ic vascular reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:983-1005.
3. Sanchez NP, Van Hale HM, Su WPD. Clinical and histopathologic spectrum of necrotizing vasculitis: Report of findings in 101 cases. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:220-224.
4. Wilkinson DS. Some clinical manifestations and associations of "allergic" vasculitis. Br J Dermatol l965; 77: 186-192.
5 . Sams WM. Necrotizing vasculitis . J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:1-13.
6. Callen JP. Colchicine is effective in controlling chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:193-200
7. Calabrese LH. Cutaneous vasculitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, erythema nodosum, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Curr Opin Rheum 1991;3:23-27.
8. Fredenberg MF, Malkinson FD. Sulfone therapy in the treatment of leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a report of three cases . J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16: 772-778 .
9. Asghar SS, Westerhof W, Das PK, et al. Treatment of vasculitis with chlorpromazine and dapsone. Arch Dermatol Res 1985; 277:504-506.
10 . Cupps TR, Springer RM, Fauci AS . Chronic, recurrent small-vessel cutaneous vasculitis: clinical experience in 13 patients. JAMA 1982; 247:1994-1998.
11. Callen JP, Spencer LV, Burruss JB, Holtman J. Azathioprine: an effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:515-522.
l2. Ely H. Pentoxifylline therapy in dermatology. A review of localized hyperviscocity and its effects on the skin. Dermatol Clin 1988; 6:585-608.
13. Tosca AD. The role of cyclosporin in cutaneous vasculitis. Cellular effects (Abstr) Abstr of 3d Congress Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, Copenhagen, 1993; pp.167.
14. Jayne DRW, Davies MJ, Fox CJV et al. Treatment of systemic vasculitis with pooled intravenous immunoglobulin. Lancet 1991;337:1137-1139:
15. Mathieson PW, Cobbold SP, Hale G et al: Monoclonal-antibody therapy in systemic vasculitis. N Engl J Med 1390;323:250-254.
16. Toska AD, Stratigos JD. Immunologic mechanisms in allergic cutaneous vasculitis: cellular interactions; effects of cytokines, therapeutic insights. JEADV 1992;1:179-186.
17. Turner AN, Whittaker S, Banks J, et al. Plasma exchange in refractory cutaneous vasculitis. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:411-415.
18. Ferri C, Pietrogrande M, Cecchetti R, et al. Low-antigen-content diet in the treatment of patients with mixed oryoglobulinemia. Am J Med 198 9; 87 : 519-524.
19. Popp JW, Terence JH, Dienstag JL, et al. Cutaneous vasculitis associated with acute and chronic hepatitis. Arch Intern Med, 1981;141:623-629
20. Descamps V, Bourrat E, Lazareth J, et al. Vascularite cutaneonerveuse avec cryoglobulinemie mixte au cours d'une hepatite chronique au virus de l' hepatite C (HCV). Journees Dermatologiques (Paris) 1991; cc 47.
21. Boom BW, Brand A, Bavinck J-NB, et al. Severe leukocytoclastic vasculitis of the skin in a patient with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia treated with high-dose y-Globulin intravenously. Arch Dermatol. 1988;l24:1550-1553.
22. Finder KA, Mc Collough MZ, Dixon SL, et al. Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23:669-676.
23. Heng MCY. Henoch-Schon¡ein purpura. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:235-240.
24. Aram H: Henoch-Schonlein purpura induced by chlorpromazine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:139-140.
25. Gibson LE, Su WPD. Cutaneous vasculitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16:309-324.
26. Meadow SR, Glasgow EF, White RHR et al. Schonlein- Henoch nephritis . Quart J Med 1972; 41: 24l-260.
27. Emery H, Larter W, Schaller JG. Henoch-Schonlein vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:385.
28. Chamouard P, Baumann R, Thomas G, Weil J-P. Interet de la dapsone dans le traitement des manifestations digestives du purpura rhumatoide de l'adulte. Ann Med Interne 1987;138:599-600.
29. Utani A, Ohta M, Shinya A, et al. Successful treatment of adult Henoch-Schonlein purpura with factor XIII concentrate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:438-442.
30 . Dubin BA, Bronson DM, Eng AM. Acute hemorrhagic edema of childhood: An unusual variant of leuko-cytoclastic vasculitis, J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:347-350.
31. Morel P. La vascularite urticarienne. Un syndrome anatomo-clinique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1986; 113:719-721.
32. Monroe EW. Urticarial vasculitis: an updated review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981; 5 : 88-95.
33 . Mc Duffie FC, Sams WM Jr, Maldonaldo JE, et al. Hypocomplementemia with cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. Possible immune complex syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1973;48:340-348.
34. Zopez LR,Davies KC, Kohler PF, et al. The hypocomplementerm urticarial vasculitis syndrome: therapeutic response to hydroxychloroquine. J. Allergy Clin Immunol l984; 73: 600-b03.
35. Millns JL, Ranole HW, Solley GO et al: The therapeutic response of urticarial vasculitis to indomethacin J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:349-355.
36. Mehregan DR, Mathew JH, Gibson LE. Urticarial vasculitis: A histopathologic and clinical review of 72 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:441-448.
37. Fortson JS, Zone JJ, Hammond ME et al. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome responsive to daspone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 15:1137-1142.
38. Asherson RA, Buchanan N, Kenwright S, et al. The normocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome 45 -report of a case and response to colchicine. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1991;16 : 424-427.
39. Sanchez NP, Winkelmann RK, Schroeter AL, Dicken. The clinical and histopathologic spectrum of urticarial vasculitis: Study of 40 Cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:599-605.
40. Aboobaker J, Greaves MW. Ulticarial vasculitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:436-444.
4l. Olson JC, Esterly NB. Urticarial vasculitis and Lyme disease. J Am Acam Dermatol 1990;22:1114-1116.
42 . Verret JL, Leclech C, Rousselet MC, et al. Syndrome de Schnitzler et maladie de Waldenstrom. Evolution terminale du cas princeps. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993; 120: 459-460.
43. Janier M, Bonvalet D, Blanc M-F, et al. Chronic a urticaria and macrog globulinemia (Schnitzler's syndrome). J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;20:206-211.
44. Lacour JP. Vascularite livedoide. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1987;114:731-732.
45. Yamamoto M, Danno K, Shio H, Imamura S. Antithrombotic treatment in livedo vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:57-62.
46. Kern AB. Atrophie blanche. Report of two patients treated with aspirin and dipyridamole. J Am Acad Dermatol, l982;6:1048-1053.
47. Sams WM Jr: Livedo vasculitis: Therapy with pentoxifylline. Arch.Dermatol 1988;124:684-687.
48. Baccard M, Vignon-Pennamen MD, Janier M, et al. Livedo vasculitis with protein C system deficiency, Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1410-1411.
49. Horio T, Imamura S, Danno K, Ofuji S. Potassium iodide in the treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis. Arch Dermatol 1981; 117:29-31.
50. ShafferN, Kerdel FA. Nodular vasculitis (erythema induratum): Treatment with auranofin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25:426-429.
51. Ramesh V, Saxena U, Mukherjee A, Misra RS. Multiple ulcers in an elderly man: necrotizing erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (necrotizing ENL) Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1643-1648.
52 . Heurkens AHM, Hiemstra PS, Lafeber GJM, et al. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78 : 7-12.
53. Vollertsen RS:, Conn DL. Vasculitis associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16:445-461.
54. Abel T, Andrews BS, Cunningham PH, et al: Rheumatoid vasculitis: Effect of cyclophosphamide on the clinical course and levels of circulating immune complexes. Ann Intern Med1980;93:407-413.
55. Upchurch KS, Heller K, Bress NM. Low-dose methotrexate .therapy for cutaneous vasculitis of rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:355-359.
56. Bernard P, Treves R, Bonnetblanc J-M: Dapsone and rheumatoid vasculitis leg ulcerations. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1988;18:140-141.
57. Mc Neely MC, Jorizzo JL, Solomon AR, et al. Primary idiopathic cutaneous pustular vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:929-944.
58. Jorizzo JL, Apisarnthanarax P, Surt P, et al. Bowel-by-pass syndrome without bowel bupass: bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome Arch Intern Med 1983;143:457-461.
59. Jorizzo JL, Schmalstieg FC, Solomon AR et al. Thalidomide effects in Behcet's syndrome and a pustular vasculitis Arch Intern Med 1986;146:878-881.
60. Schnitzler L: Pustuloses amicrobiennes et dermatoses neutrophilic, In: Saurat J-H, Grosshans E, Laugier P, Lachapelle JM (eds) Precis de Dermatologie et Venereologie, Masson, Paris, 1986;pp. 268.
61. 0' Duffy JD. Vasculitis in Behcet's disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16:423-431.
62. Bowles CA, Nelson AM, Hammill SC, et al: Cardiac involvement in Behcet's disease. Arthritis Rheum 1985;28;345-348.
63. Sharquie K. Suppression of Behcet's disease with dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:493-494.
64. Miyachi Y, Taniguchi S, Ozaki M, Horio T. Colchicine in the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of Behcet's disease. Br J Dermatol 1981;104:67-69.
65. Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG; et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcet's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 281-285.
66. 0' Duffy JD, Robertson DM, Goldstein NP. Chlorambucil in the treatment of uveitis and meningoencephalitis of Bechet's disease. Am J Med 1984; 75:75-84.
67. Jorizzo JL. Behcet's disease: an update based on the 1985 international conference in London. Arch Dermatol 1985;122:556-558.
68. Jorizzo JL, Rogers RS III. Behcet's disease. An update based on the international conference held in Rochester, Minnesota, Sept 14 and 15, 1989. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1990;23:738-741.
69. Su WPD, Liu HNH. Diagnostic criteria for Sweet's syndrome Cutis 1987;37:167-174.
70. Myatt AE, Baker DJ, Byfield DM. Sweet' s syndrome : a report on the use of potassium iodide Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:345-349.
71. Hoffman GS. Treatment of Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) with indo-methacine.J Rheumatol 1977;4:201-206.
72. Aram H. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome): response to dapsone Arch Dermatol 1984;120:245-247.
73. Suehisa S, Tagami H, Inoue F, et al: Colchicine in the treatment of acute febrile dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). Br J Dermatol 1983;108:99-101.
74. Kaplan SS, Weehsler HL, Basferd RE et al. Increased plasma chemoattractant in Sweet's syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol, l985;12:10.13-1021.
75. Joshi RK, Atukorala DN, Abanmi A, et al. Successful treatment of Sweet's syndrome with doxycycline. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:584-586.
76. Chevrant-Breton J, Logeais B, Pibouin M. Pyoderma gangrenosum. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1989;116:577-589.
77. Johnson RB, Lazarus GS. Pulse therapy: therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum Arch Dermatol 1982;118:76-84.
78. Schmutz JL, Bartin RH, Thess F, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: therapeutic par la salazosulfapyridine, Ann Dermatol Venereol 1987;114:869-870.
79. Lang PG Jr. Sulfones and sulfonamides in dermatology today J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1: 479-492.
80. Elgart G, Stover P, Larson K, et al. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine: Results in seven patients . J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 83-86.
81. Byrne JP, Hewitt M, Summerly R. Pyoderma gangrenosum: associated wzth active chronic hepatitis Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1297.
82. Newell LM, Malkinson FD. Pyoderma gangrenosum: response to cyclophosphamide therapy. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:495-497.
83. Resnik BI, Rendon M, Kerdel FA. Successful treatment of aggressive pyoderma, gangrenosum with pulse steroids and chlorambucil J Am Acad Dermatol l992;27:635-636.
84. Ackerman C, Abu-Elagd K, Venkataramanan K, et al. Recalcitrant psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum treated with FK-506 (Abstr) J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:536.
85. Berth-Jones J, Tan SV, Graham-Brown RAC et al. The successful use of minocycline in pyoderma gangrenosum in a report of seven cases and a review of the literature. J Dermatol Treat 1989; 1: 23-25.
86. Mc Adam LP, O’ Kanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson MC. Relapsing polychondritis: Prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature. Medicine 1976;55:193-215.
87.Herman JH. Polychondritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1991;3:28-31.
88. Morvay M, Torok L, Dobozy A: Relapsing polychondritis: no effect of cyclosporin A. Eur J Dermatol 1993;3:155-157.
89. Haynes BF, Keiser-Kupfer MI, Mason P, Fauci AS: Cogan's syndrome: Studies in 13 patients, long-term follow-up, and review of the literature. Medicine 1980; 59:426-441.
90. Bodemer C, Blanche S, Motte J, et al. Syndrome de Cogan avec lesions de vascularites cutanees. Deux observations chej l’enfant. Journees Dermatologiques (Paris) 1992, cc 5.
9l. Katz SI, Gallin JU, Hertz KC et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum: skin and systemic manifestations, immunologic studies, and successful treatment with dapsone. Medicine 1977;56:443-455.
92. Kohler IK, Lorincz AL. Erythema elevatum diutinum treated with niacinamide and tetracycline Arch Dermatol 1980;116:693-695.
93. Bernard , Bedane C, Delrous J-L, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with relapsing polychondritis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1992;26:312-315.
94. Burgdorf WHC, Goltz RW. Granuloma faciale In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolzf K et al (eds). Dermatology in General Medicine, Mc Grow-Hill; New York, 3d ed., 1987 pp. 1317-1319.
95. Guill MA, Aton JK: Facial granuloma responsive to dapsone therapy. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:332-335.
96. Jacyk WK. Facial granuloma in a patient treated with clofazimine. Arch Dermatole 1981;117:597-598.
97. Huve S, Beltzer- Garelli E, Binet 0, et al. Granulome facial. A propos de trois observations, Journees Dermatologiques (Paris), 1992; p.102.
98. Degos R. Malignant atrophic papulosis Br J Dermatol 1979;l00:2l-35.
99. Stahl D, Thomsen K, Hou-Jensen K. Malignant atrophic papulosis. Treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1687-1689.
100. Conn DL. Polyarteritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990; I6 (2) :341-362 .
101. Conn DL, Hunder GG. Vasculitis and related disorders. In: Kelley WN, Harris ED Jr, Ruddy Sh, Sledge CB (eds) Textbook of Rheumatology, 3d edition, WB Saunders Co, 1989, pp. 1167-1199
102. Stillwell TJ, Benson RC Jr. Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. A review of 100 patients Cancer 1988;61:451-457.
103. Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY, Fauci AS. Infectious complications of cyclophosphamide treatment for vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:1626.
104. Bradley JD, Brandt KD, Katz BP. Infectious complications of cyclophosphamide treatment for vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:45-53.
105. Guillevin L. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa with dapsone . Scand J. Rheumatol 1986;15 : 95-96.
106. Homas PB, David-Bajar KM, Fitzpatrick JE; et al. Microscopic polyrteritis. Report of a case with cutaneous involvement and antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1223-1228.
107. Minkowitz G, Smoller BR, Mc Nutt S . Benign cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Relationship to systemic polyarteritis nodosa. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:1520-1523.
108. Thomas RHM, Black MM: The wide clinical spectrum of polyarteritis nodosa with cutaneous involvement. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983; 8: 47-59.
109. Braun Falco 0, Plewig G, Wolff HH, Winkelmann RK. Dermatology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 3d ed. , 1991, pp. 625.
110. Jorizzo JL, White WL, Wise CM et al: Low-dose weekly methotrexate for unusual neutrophilic vascular reactions: cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and Behcet's disease, J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:973-978.
111. Sneddon IB. Cerebrovascular lesions and livedo reticulris Br J Dermatol 1965;77:180-185.
112. Manganelli P, Lisi R, Saginario A, Benoldi D. Sneddon's syndrome and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report J Am Acad Dermatol, 1992;26:309-311.
113. Bowles CA. Vasculopathy associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16(2):471-490.
114. Alegre VA, Gastineau DA, Winkelmann RK. Skin lesions associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant BrJ Dermatol 1989;120:419-429.
115. Lubbe WF, Palmer SJ, Butler WS, et al: Fetal survival after prednisone suppression of maternal lupus-antieoagulant. Lancet 1983;1:1361-1363.
116. Parke A, Maier D, Wilson D: et al: Intravenous gammaglobulin, antiphospholipid antibodies, and a pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:495-496.
117. Renfro L, Franks AG Jr, Grodberg M, Kamino H. Painful nodules in a young female: Antiphospholipid syndrome. Arch Dermatol l992;128:847-852.
118. Rowley AH, Shulman ST. Current therapy for acute Kawasaki syndrome . J Pediatr 1991; 118 (6); 987-991.
119. Leung DYM, Burns JC, Newburger JW et al. Reversal of lymphocyte activation in viro in the Kawasaki syndrome by intravenous gammaglobulin. J Clin Invest l987;79:468-472.
120. Specks U, De Remee RA. Granulomatous vasculitis Wegener's Granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16 (2) :377-397.
121. Nolle B, Specks U, Ludemann J, et al: Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies:Their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1989;11:28-40.
122. De Remee RA, Mc Donald TJ, Weiland LH. Wegener's granulomatosis: Observation and treatment with antimicrobial agents. Mayo Clin Proc 1985;60:27-32.
123. Israel HL. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprime therapy for Wegener's granulomatosls Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2293-2295.
124. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz , Wolff SM. Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Clinical review.Ann Intern Med 1983;98:76-85.
125. Steppat D, Gross WL. Stage-adapted treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis. First results of a prospective study. Klin Wochenshcr 1989;67:666-671.
126. Capizzi RL, Bertino JR. Methotrexate therapy of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1971; 74:74-79.
127. Aldo MA, Benson MD, Comerford FR et al. Treatment of Wegener's granulornatosis with immunosuppressive agents. Arch Intern Med 1970;126:298-305.
128. Kaplan SR, Hayslett JP, Calabresi P. Treatment of advanced Wegener's granulomatosis with azathioprine and duazomycin umquam A. New Engl J Med 1968;278:239-244.
129. Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1984;63:65-81.
130. Chow CC, Li EKM, Lai FM. Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome): response to "pulse" intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:605-608.
131. Mac Fayden R, Tron V, Keshmiri M, Road JD. Allergic angiitis of Churg and Strauss syndrome. Response to pulse methylprednisolone.Chest 1987;91:629-631.
132. Schwartz RA, Churg J. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:199-204.
133. Guillevin L. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: indications of plasma exchange . Results of three prospective trials in 162 patients. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 337:309-317.
134. Fanci AS, Haynes BF, Costa J et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: Prospective clinical and therapeutic experience over ten years . N Engl J Med 1982;306:68-74.
135. Gibson LE, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous granulomatous vasculitis: Its relationship to systemic disease J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:492-501.
136. Hall S, Barr W, Lie JT, et al . Takayasu' s arteritis : A study of 32 North American patient Medicine (Baltimore). 1985;64:89-99.
137. Shelhamer JH, Volkman DJ, Parrilo JE, et al. Takayasu's arteritis and its therapy. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103:121-126.
138. Hall S, Buchbinder R. Takayasu's arteritis Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16:411-422.
139. Kyle V, Hazelman BL. Stopping steroids in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Br Med J 1990;300:344-346.
140. Bengtsson B-A, Andersson R. Giant cell and Takayasu's arteritis. Curr Opin Rheum 1991;3:15-22.
141. Kyle V; Hazelman BL. Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. II . Relation between steroid dose and steroid associated side effects. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:662-666.
142. Liozon F, Vidal E, Bonnetblanc JM, et al: Disulon in the treatment of Horton's disease. Experience with 20 patients. Ann Med Intern (Paris) 1986;137:299-306.
143. Giblin WJ, James WD, Benson PM. Buerger's disease. Int J Dermatol 1989; 28: 638-642.
144. Welling RE. Buerger's disease revisited. Angiology 1982; 33: 239-250.
145. Mills JZ, Taylor ZMJr, Porter JM. Buerger's disease in the modern era. Am JMed 1987; 154: 123-128.
146. Stapleton SR, Curley RK, Simpson WA. Cutaneous gangrene. secondary to focal thrombosis: an important cutaneous manifestation of ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:387-389.
147. Bacon PA. Vasculitic syndromes associated with other rheumatic conditions and unclassified systemic vasculitis . Curr Opin Rheum 1991; 3 : 56-61.
148. Gaddoni G, Pasi F, Selvi M, et al. Vasculite au cours de l'infestion a VIH (Abstr) Noun Dermatol 1992;11:849.