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A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal
relationships, self-image, and affects, and
marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as
indicated
by five (or more) of the following:
1. frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Note: Do not include suicidal or
self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.
2. a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by
alternating
between extremes of idealization and devaluation
3. identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self
4. impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending,
sex,
substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). Note: Do not include suicidal or
self-mutilating
behavior covered in Criterion 5.
5. recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior
6. affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic
dysphoria,
irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days)
7. chronic feelings of emptiness
8. inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays
of temper,
constant anger, recurrent physical fights)
9. transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Diagnostic Features
The essential feature of Borderline Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of
instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked
impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.
Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder make frantic efforts to avoid real or
imagined abandonment (Criterion 1). The perception of impending separation or rejection,
or the loss of external structure, can lead to profound changes in self-image, affect,
cognition, and behavior. These individuals are very sensitive to environmental
circumstances. They experience intense abandonment fears and inappropriate anger even when
faced with a realistic time-limited separation or when there are unavoidable changes in
plans (e.g. sudden despair in reaction to a clinician’s announcing the end of the
hour; panic of fury when someone important to them is just a few minutes late or must
cancel an appointment). They may believe that this "abandonment" implies they
are "bad." These abandonment fears are related to an intolerance of being alone
and a need to have other people with them. Their frantic efforts to avoid abandonment may
include impulsive actions such as self-mutilating or suicidal behaviors, which are
described separately in Criterion 5.
Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder have a pattern of unstable and intense
relationships (Criterion 2). They may idealize potential caregivers or lovers at the first
or second meeting, demand to spend a lot of time together, and share the most intimate
details early in a relationship. However, they may switch quickly from idealizing other
people to devaluing them, feeling that the other person does not care enough, does not
give enough, is not "there" enough. These individuals can empathize with and
nurture other people, but only with the expectation that the other person will "be
there" in return to meet their own needs on demand. These individuals are prone to
sudden and dramatic shifts in their view of others, who may alternately be seen as
beneficent supports
or as cruelly punitive. Suck shifts often reflect disillusionment with a caregiver who
nurturing qualities had been idealized or whose rejection or abandonment is expected.
There may be an identity disturbance characterized by markedly and persistently unstable
self-image or sense of self (Criterion 3). There are sudden and dramatic shifts in
self-image, characterized by shifting goals, values, and vocational aspirations. There may
be sudden changes in opinions and plans about career, sexual identity, values, and types
of friends. These individuals may suddenly change from the role of a needy supplicant for
help to a righteous avenger of past mistreatment. Although they usually have a self-image
that is based on being bad or evil, individuals with this disorder may at times have
feelings that they do not exist at all. Such experiences usually occur in situations in
which the individual feels a lack of meaningful relationship, nurturing
and support. These individuals may show worse performance in unstructured work or school
situations.
Individuals with this disorder display impulsivity in at least two areas that are
potentially self-damaging (Criterion 4). They may gamble, spend money irresponsibly, binge
eat, abuse substances, engage in unsafe sex, or drive recklessly. Individuals with
Borderline Personality Disorder display recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats,
or self-mutilating behavior (Criterion 5). Completed suicide occurs in 8%-10% of such
individuals, and self-mutilative acts (e.g., cutting or burning) and suicide threats and
attempts are very common. Recurrent suicidality is often the reason that these individuals
present for help. These self-destructive acts are usually precipitated by threats of
separation or rejection or by expectations that they assume increased responsibility.
Self-mutilation may occur during dissociative experiences and often brings relief by
reaffirming the ability to feel or expiating the individual’s sense of being evil.
Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder may display affective instability that is
due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or
anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) (Criterion 6).
The basic dysphoric mood of those with Borderline Personality Disorder is often disrupted
by periods of anger, panic, or despair and is rarely relieved by periods of well-being or
satisfaction.
These episodes may reflect the individual’s extreme reactivity troubled by chronic
feelings of emptiness (Criterion 7). Easily bored, they may constantly seek something to
do. Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder frequently express inappropriate,
intense anger or have difficulty controlling their anger (Criterion 8). They may display
extreme sarcasm, enduring bitterness, or verbal outbursts. The anger is often elicited
when a caregiver or lover is seen as neglectful, withholding, uncaring, or abandoning.
Such expressions of anger are often followed by shame and guilt and contribute to the
feeling they have of being evil. During periods of extreme stress, transient paranoid
ideation or dissociative symptoms (e.g., depersonalization) may occur (Criterion 9), but
these are generally of insufficient severity or duration to warrant an additional
diagnosis. These episodes occur most frequently in response to a real or imagined
abandonment. Symptoms tend to be transient, lasting minutes or hours.
The real or perceived return of the caregiver’s nurturance may result in a remission
of symptoms.
Associated Features and Disorders
Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder may
have a pattern of undermining themselves at the moment a goal is about to be realized
(e.g., dropping out of school just before graduation; regressing severely after a
discussion of how well therapy is going; destroying a good relationship just when it is
clear that the relationship could last). Some individuals develop psychotic-like symptoms
(e.g., hallucinations, body-image distortions, ideas of reference, and hypnagogic
phenomena) during times of stress. Individuals with this disorder may feel more secure
with transitional objects (i.e., a pet or inanimate possession) than in interpersonal
relationships. Premature death from suicide may occur in individuals with this disorder,
especially in those with co-occurring Mood Disorders or Substance-Related Disorders.
Physical handicaps may result from self-inflicted abuse behaviors or failed suicide
attempts. Recurrent job losses, interrupted education, and broken marriages are common.
Physical and sexual abuse, neglect, hostile conflict, and early parental loss or
separation are more common in the childhood histories of those with Borderline Personality
Disorder. Common co-occurring Axis I disorders include Mood Disorders, Substance-Related
Disorders, Eating Disorders (notably Bulimia), Posttramatic Stress Disorder, and
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder also frequently
co-occurs with the other Personality Disorders.
Specific Culture, Age, and Gender Features
The pattern of behavior seen in Borderline Personality Disorder has been identified in
many settings around the world. Adolescents and young adults with identity problems
(especially when accompanied by substance abuse) may transiently display behaviors that
misleadingly give the impression of Borderline Personality Disorder. Such situations are
characterized by emotional instability, "existential" dilemmas, uncertainty,
anxiety-provoking choices, conflicts about sexual orientation, and competing social
pressures to decide on careers. Borderline Personality Disorder is diagnosed predominantly
(about 75%) in females.
Prevalence
The prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder is estimated to be about 2% of the
general population, about 10% among individuals seen in outpatient mental health clinics,
and about 20% among psychiatric inpatients. In ranges from 30% to 60% among clinical
populations with Personality Disorders.
Course
There is considerable variability in the course of Borderline Personality Disorder. The
most common pattern is one of chronic instability in early adulthood, with episodes of
serious affective and impulsive dyscontrol and high levels of use of health and mental
health resources. The impairment from the disorder and the risk of suicide are greatest in
the young-adult years and gradually wane with advancing age. During their 30s and 40s, the
majority of individuals with this disorder attain greater stability in their relationships
and vocational functioning.
Familial Pattern
Borderline Personality Disorder is about five times more common among first-degree
biological relatives of those with the disorder than in the general population. There is
also an increased familial risk for Substance-Related Disorders, Antisocial Personality
Disorder, and Mood Disorders.
Differential Diagnosis
Borderline Personality Disorder often co-occurs with Mood Disorders, and when criteria for
both are met, both may be diagnosed. Because the cross-sectional presentation of
Borderline Personality Disorder can be mimicked by an episode of Mood Disorder, the
clinician should avoid giving an additional diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder
based only on cross-sectional presentation without having documented that the pattern of
behavior has an early onset and a long-standing course.
Other Personality Disorders may be confused with Borderline Personality Disorder because
they have certain features in common. It is, therefore, important to distinguish among
these disorders based on differences in their characteristic features. However, if an
individual has personality features that meet criteria for one or more Personality
Disorders in addition to Borderline Personality Disorder, all can be diagnosed. Although
Histrionic Personality Disorder can also be characterized by attention seeking,
manipulative behavior, and rapidly shifting emotions, Borderline Personality Disorder is
distinguished by self-destructiveness, angry disruptions in close
relationships, and chronic feelings of deep emptiness and loneliness. Paranoid ideas or
illusions may be present in both Borderline Personality Disorder and Schizotypal
Personality Disorder, but these symptoms are more transient, interpersonally reactive, and
responsive to external structuring in Borderline Personality Disorder.
Although Paranoid Personality Disorder and Narcissistic Personality Disorder may also be
characterized by an angry reaction to minor stimuli, the relative stability of self-image
as well as the relative lack of self-destructiveness, impulsivity, and abandonment
concerns distinguish these disorders from Borderline Personality Disorder. Although
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder are both characterized
by manipulative behavior, individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder are
manipulative to gain profit, power, or some other material gratification, whereas the goal
in Borderline Personality Disorder is directed more toward gaining the concern of
caretakers. Both Dependent Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder are
characterized by fear of abandonment, however, the individual with Borderline Personality
Disorder reacts to abandonment with feelings of emotional emptiness, rage, and demands,
whereas the individual with Dependent Personality Disorder reacts with increasing
appeasement and submissiveness and urgently seeks a replacement relationship to provide
caregiving and support. Borderline Personality Disorder can further be distinguished from
Dependent Personality Disorder by the typical pattern of unstable and intense
relationships.
Borderline Personality Disorder must be distinguished from Personality Change Due to a
General Medical Condition, in which the traits emerge due to the direct effects of a
general medical condition on the central nervous system. It must also be distinguished
from symptoms that may develop in association with chronic substance use (e.g.,
Cocaine-Related Disorder Not Otherwise Specified).
Borderline Personality Disorder should be distinguished from Identity Problem...which is
reserved for identity concerns related to a developmental phase (e.g., adolescence) and
does not qualify as a mental disorder."
