In the E region, that is medium on the 100 km of quota, they are formed every so often, species in the months that go from May to October, of the Ionian heaps of and electrons, in which NOT +^prevail, Or⁺ and nuclei of Fe and Mg that raise a lot the density of onizzazione in limited areas. From the point of view of the propagation, this complex phenomenon of the high atmosphere produces an elevation of the maximum frequency that can endure reflection. The increase is always considerable: while the E layer normal school, to the summery midday, in the moments of greater ionization Mhz can have a m.u.f. for 15/20 shaving beam of, the Es is of rule in a position to sending back to Earth beacons to the frequencies of 30/80MHz. In particular cases, whose percentage decreases to growing of the frequency, the density is such to interest the beacons of 80, 100 and also 200MHz, This last frequency seems to be the limit: but in 1% of the cases, regarding the 30MHz, the communications in range 2 meters through Es can happen. The Es openings in two meters are therefore insufficient, but therefore rare like it would not be capacities to think: since, usually, they are of short duration, and however the reflection area is narrow to a zone from 50 to 100 Kmq, the stations that can avvalersi of the phenomenon, in the range two meters, they would not have to trovarsi not more than 1000Km from the area of reflections (or point of scatter) and can communicate with other placed stations to similar distances and single in determined directions. It would seem also that the formation of such phenomenon is concentrated over an area of low pressure, comprised between two cold fronts; that is over a cyclonic area, faced from a cold front. Usually such phenomenon happens with greater frequency between April to October with its maximum (duration, stability and m.u.f.) between high May and August. Usually the better timetables are those from the eight to the 19 (that is of day)can in any case happen such phenomenon also after the 20 and that often coincides with the more interesting openings, in other words the distance between the correspondents is greater that not during the day .

  First typical event premonitor is the presence in range 10 meters of beacons in Es, to this point enough to follow innalzarsi of the m.u.f. in order to follow man hand the event. According to event and appearing between the 45 and 70MHz of television beacons, (sincronismi, audio and often quite images clear and defined). That allows us to understand towards which directions is forming the event, the intensity and innalzarsi of the m.u.f. Appearing of the beacons video always is accompanied from the appearance in band six meters of numerous radioamatoriali beacons (OM and beacon). Continuations audio appearing of beacons of civil emissions and broadcast in FM, to leave from the 70 MHz until to the band 88-108 MHz. In order to verify avvicinarsi of the m.u.f. to the range of the two meters it will be able however to only continue with I listen of the beacons in six meters. The clearest sign of the m.u.f. advanced to the 140MHz is listens (via Es) of beacons mails at a distance inferior to 500Km on the six meters (example Jn61 < Jm78) while to follow the presence of beacons in Es normal school in six meters (example PA < IT9) but with strong and stable beacons unusually

Continuations audio appearing of beacons of civil emissions and broadcast in FM, to leave from the 70 MHz until to the band 88-108 MHz. In order to verify avvicinarsi of the m.u.f. to the range of the two meters it will be able however to only continue with I listen of the beacons in six meters. The clearest sign of the m.u.f. advanced to the 140MHz is listens (via Es) of beacons mails at a distance inferior to 500Km on the six meters (example Jn61 < Jm78) while to follow the presence of beacons in Es normal school in six meters (example PA < IT9) but with strong and stable beacons unusually

   Legacy to the Es phenomenon is the F.A.I.(Field-Aligned Irregularities). It for formation is similar to the Es and is to it strattamente legacy. The F.A.I. allows qso using a point of scatter that of norm it is always in the same point (those known in Europe are JN36, JN11, JN96, JN42, JN83) and when one of these same points has been stung of scatter of a Es in two meters or in six meters (with beacons many forts). They can not more try qso through this phenomenon only the placed stations than 1000/1200Km than distance from the point of scatter and with I raise it of the more and more elevated antenna as is approached to us to it. Moreover, they are possible qso single between stations placed in determined points around the scatter. In fact we must imagine a " butterfly " whose the ' testa' e' zone of scatter and with the wings to colored strips, will be able to only collegarsi the stations that aiming the antenna at the zone of scatter and with the relative elevation to the distance from it (you see table low), they will be found in a point of the hypothetical wing and in a point of color to similare to just. Other particolariet2a of the F.A.I. it is the distorzione of the audio much similar to a beacon listened to via ' Aurora' and shift greater Doppler to times also of 3 kHz that to times it quite prevents to comprise; a beacon in fonia. Ea3adw listened to via F.A.I. from JM78SG on the scatter of JN42 with 9 degrees of elevation and Doppler 1.2 kHz.

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32

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1

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35

27

22

18

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9

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1

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0

-

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67

49

38

30

24

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8

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3

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1

0

130

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11

9

7

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2

1

150

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55

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35

29

25

21

18

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12

11

9

7

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4

3

3

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