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[MORMONISM. The Faith of the Twenty-first Century. Volume 1. Edward K. Watson. (Liahona Publications. Copyright © 1998 Edward K. Watson.) pp. 205-231. MORMONISM: Section 1, Appendix. All rights reserved.]
APPENDIX
GROUP A: Greek words that are non-omnipresent, discernable, three-dimensional descriptions
All of the words identified in this group are related to one another, but some have slightly different emphasis than others. Words from either grouping are used with words from the other grouping in pertinent passages which will be examined to determine the consistency of interpretation.
These are synonymous words which have direct bearing on the correct interpretation of the passages identified in this Section and are translated to mean “form, fashion, likeness, image, shape, appearance, countenance, face and presence [before his sight]”:
1) morph‘ [:@DNZ] (3444/3671) for “form” and means “form, a visible outward appearance that is discernable, shape, nature, character.”1 Related to “morphÇsis” (3446/3673) which means “an outward semblance or appearance” as opposed to an inward semblance or appearance (see Rom 2:20 & 2 Tim 3:5) and “morphoÇ” (3445/3672) which means “formed” (see Gal 4:19).
In the Gk world morph‘ theou was used for the external (usually human) form of a god.2
The word “morph‘”can be found in:
(a) Phil 2:6-7 Who being in the form [morph‘] of God thought it not robbery to be equal with God. But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form [morph‘] of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men.
“Despite having the same nature of God, he didn't think his equality with God was to be forcefully clung to, but emptied himself and took upon himself the nature of a slave and became like mortal man.”
“morph‘” is used in this passage to mean much more than an outward physical resemblance but actually means “nature/being/makeup.” It isn't possible to use this passage in isolation to prove anything about God the Father's physical appearance or lack thereof since “morph‘” isn't used in the sense of an outward discernable appearance but as a nature, similar to Gal 4:19's “Christ's nature” which is formed in us until we become like him.3
(b) Mark 16:12-13 After that he appeared in another form (morph‘) unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them.
What event was this? Is “morph‘” being used as an exterior appearance or as a nature?
Luke 24:13-35 And, behold, two of them went that same day to a village called Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore furlongs. And they talked together of all these things which had happened. And it came to pass, that, while they communed together and reasoned, Jesus himself drew near, and went with them. But their eyes were holden [restrained] that they should not know him. And he said unto them, What manner of communications are these that ye have one to another, as ye walk, and are sad? And the one of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering said unto him, Art thou only a stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things which are come to pass therein these days? And he said unto them, What things? And they said unto him, Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people: And how the chief priests and our rulers delivered him to be condemned to death, and have crucified him. But we trusted that it had been he which should have redeemed Israel: and beside all this, to day is the third day since these things were done. Yea, and certain women also of our company made us astonished, which were early at the sepulchre; And when they found not his body, they came, saying, that they had also seen a vision of angels, which said that he was alive. And certain of them which were with us went to the sepulchre, and found it even so as the women had said: but him they saw not. Then he said unto them, O fools, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken: Ought not Christ to have suffered these things, and to enter into his glory? And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself. And they drew nigh unto the village, whither they went: and he made as though he would have gone further. But they constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. And he went in to tarry with them. And it came to pass, as he sat at meat with them, he took bread, and blessed it, and brake, and gave to them. And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight. And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the scriptures?And they rose up the same hour, and returned to Jerusalem, and found the eleven gathered together, and them that were with them, Saying, The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared to Simon. And they told what things were done in the way, and how he was known of them in breaking of bread.
Did Jesus physically, optically, appear to be a stranger to these two men? He took upon himself the “form” of a stranger. The word “morph‘” was used to describe an exterior physical appearance4 and not a mystical essence (ousia) or nature since Jesus was never truly a “stranger.” (Also see LXX Judg 8:18; Job 4:16; Isa 44:2; 49:5; Dan 3:19,25; 5:6,9-10.)
The usage of “morph‘” in the Bible isn't consistent, but one thing is absolutely clear, the contrast between the “morph‘” of God and the “morph‘” of men in Phil 2:6-7 isn't about an outward physical appearance ( non-material, formless omnipresence vs three-dimensional anthropomorphic discernable matter) since it is about nature instead of appearance.
2) sch‘ma [FP:"] (4976/5386) means “fashion, figure, form, shape, appearance, an outwardly physical mode, external guise.”5
The word “sch‘ma” can be found in:
(a) Phil 2:8 And being found in fashion [sch‘ma] as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.
Jesus physically, optically appeared to other men as a physical man. He was discernable.
(b) 1 Cor 7:31 And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion [sch‘ma] of this world passeth away.
That which is seen of this world is passing away. This implies, all we see in the world, all things pertaining to life, are passing away. “sch‘ma” is used to describe the discernable world, the visible world.
“sch‘ma” refers to the outward discernable appearance.6
3) prosÇpon [BD`FTB@<] (4383/4725) is used to mean “figure, countenance, face, being before, outward appearance, appearing, visage, perceived visibly, towards an eye, fashion.”7
The word “prosÇpon” can be found in:
(a) 2 Cor 4:6 For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face [prosÇpon] of Jesus Christ.
The glory of God can be seen in the countenance of Jesus Christ.
(b) 2 Th 1:9 Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence [prosÇpon] of the Lord, and from the glory of his power.
(c) Heb 9:24 For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence [prosÇpon] of God for us.
The word “presence” in these passages means “before the face” or “being within his sight.” This doesn't mean an omnipresence since “prosÇpon” is used as a distinction. The wicked will be cast away from the [prosÇpon] of God to be destroyed. Jesus left earth and went into heaven to go before the [prosÇpon] of God.
(d) Acts 3:19 Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence [prosÇpon] of the Lord.
The refreshing times come when the [prosÇpon] of Jesus returns to the earth. “prosÇpon” is used to refer to Jesus's visible return. It can be discerned optically. This is why “prosÇpon” in 2 Th 1:9 & Heb 9:24 is referring to a visible, discernable, non-omnipresent God.
(e) Matt 6:16-17 Moreover when ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure their faces [prosÇpon], that they may appear unto men to fast. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward. But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy face [prosÇpon].
(f) 2 Cor 3:7 But if the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face [prosÇpon] of Moses for the glory of his countenance [prosÇpon]; which glory was to be done away.
(g) Gal 1:22 And was unknown by face [prosÇpon] unto the churches of Judaea which were in Christ.
“prosÇpon” is used to refer to the literal outward optical appearance of the face that can be discerned by others.
(h) 2 Cor 2:10 To whom ye forgive any thing, I forgive also: for if I forgave any thing, to whom I forgave it, for your sakes forgave I it in the person [prosÇpon] of Christ.
“ ... I forgive it [the sin] before the “prosÇpon”[face/sight] of Christ.”
(i) Gal 2:6 But of these who seemed to be somewhat, (whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to me: God accepteth no man's person [prosÇpon]:) for they who seemed to be somewhat in conference added nothing to me.
(j) Matt 22:16 And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person [prosÇpon] of men. (Mark 12:14)
(k) 2 Cor 5:12 For we commend not ourselves again unto you, but give you occasion to glory on our behalf, that ye may have somewhat to answer them which glory in appearance [prosÇpon], and not in heart.
(l) 2 Cor 10:7 Do ye look on things after the outward appearance [prosÇpon]? If any man trust to himself that he is Christ's, let him of himself think this again, that, as he is Christ's, even so are we Christ's.
God and Jesus don't discriminate based on exterior appearances of man and neither should we unlike those who are evil.
(m) Luke 21:35 For as a snare shall it come on all them that dwell on the face [prosÇpon] of the whole earth.
(n) Acts 17:26 And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face [prosÇpon] of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation.
The face [prosÇpon] of the earth is the external portion, the outer layer, which is visible to man.
The Greek word “prosÇpon” can also be found in Matt 16:3; 17:2; Mark 12:14; Luke 9:51,53; 10:1; 12:56; Acts 2:28; 3:13; 5:41; 7:45; 13:24; 25:16; 1 Cor 13:12; 2 Cor 1:11; 10:1; Gal 2:11; 1 Th 2:17; Jas 1:11; 1 Pet 3:12; Jude 1:16 and Rev 1:16; 12:14. Not once is it used to refer to an internal essence of something that isn't externally discernable with Acts 2:28 being the only place where it can be used figuratively.8 Even its usage to mean “prostate” refers to “put face to ground” (Mark 15:19; Luke 24:5; Rev 3:9).9 It's usage shows the passages which refer to the “prosÇpon” of God don't refer to a non-discernable/non-visible presence but to the actual, discernable, visible, exterior appearance of God which disproves his alleged omnipresent, formless essence (ousia).
4) .idÇs [,É*@H](1491/1626) is used to mean “shape, form, figure, appearance, external form, that which is seen.”10 Related to“.idÇ” (1492) which means “to see, seen, behold, look on, perceive” (See Matt 5:16; 11:8-9; 16:28; 24:15; John 1:33,39,46; 4:29,48; 6:30; 11:34; Acts 9:12; etc.) and “eid.a”(2397/1624) “appearance, countenance.”(Matt 28:3).11
The word “.idÇs” can be found in:
(a) John 5:37 And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of me. Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape [.idÇs].
Jesus told these particular contemporary Jews they have never heard God's voice nor seen his shape (.idÇs). “.idÇs” is described as something that can be seen or discerned, not an ontological omnipresent invisible essence.
If John 5:37 means God doesn't have a shape instead of his refusal to show himself due to the wickedness of the people; this would mean God doesn't have a voice! Now, God can't talk which is explicitly contradicted by the Bible (Ex 19:9, 20:1,22; etc.).
(b) Luke 3:22 And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape (.idÇs) like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased.
Was the Holy Ghost discernable to John and Jesus (Matt 3:16; Mark 1:10; John 1:32-34)? Did the Holy Ghost appear in the shape of a three-dimensional dove that could be visibly seen? Was he in the shape of a dove?
(c) Luke 9:29 And as he prayed, the fashion (.idÇs) of his countenance was altered, and his raiment was white and glistering.
Was Jesus' external, visible, discernable appearance changed or is “.idÇs” referring to a mystical invisible essence (ousia)?
(d) 2 Cor 5:7 (For we walk by faith, not by sight [.idÇs]:)
We walk by faith and not by external appearance. This probably means we follow Jesus by faith instead of following him because we've actually seen him and know he really is who he claims to be. “.idÇs” is used in reference to an exterior discernable appearance.
(e) 1 Th 5:22 Abstain from all appearance [form-.idÇs] of evil.
We have to abstain from every form/kind of evil or everything that looks evil. There are divergent opinions as to the correct meaning of this passage but whether it actually means “Refrain from all forms/kinds of evil,”12 or “Refrain from all that looks/appears evil” still doesn't take away the fact that nearly all forms/kinds of evil are externally discerned which supports “.idÇs” being an outward appearance.
It's obvious “.idÇs” refers to an outward discernable form and not a single place in the Bible uses it to mean something symbolical or as a metaphor.13
5) eikÇn [,Æ6f<] (1504/1635) means “a visible image, likeness, form, effigy, appearance.”14
(a) 2 Cor 4:4 In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image [eikÇn] of God, should shine unto them.
(b) Col 1:15 Who is the image [eikÇn] of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature.
These passages show Jesus is the image of the Father. To look at Jesus is to look at the Father since Jesus looks exactly like Heavenly Father (John 12:45; 14:9; Heb 1:2-3; 1 Tim 3:16; John 1:1). Since Jesus was in humanoid form and possessed a physical body, these passages show Heavenly Father likewise possesses a physical body and is in anthropomorphic form. He isn't an omnipresent, formless, non-material being. Here's other passages in the NT which show image (“eikÇn”) is an outside appearance that is discernable with boundaries:
(c) Luke 20:24 Shew me a penny. Whose image [eikÇn] and superscription hath it? They answered and said, Caesar's. (Also see Matt 22:19-21; Mark 12:15-17.)
Was the image (eikÇn) on the coin Jesus used an outward physical resemblance of Cæsar or was it only “a figure of speech”?
(d) Rom 1:23 And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image [eikÇn] made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.
These apostates and opponents of the church substituted the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal men, birds, beasts and creeping things. What are these images? Idols, resembling mortal men, birds, beasts and creeping things. Are they discernable? Can these “eikÇn” be seen by man?
(e) Rev 13:14-15 And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image [eikÇn] to the beast, which had the wound by a sword, and did live. And he had power to give life unto the image [eikÇn] of the beast, that the image [eikÇn] of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image [eikÇn] of the beast should be killed. (Also see Rev 14:9,11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 for additional references to the image [“eikÇn”] of the beast.)
Was this image (eikÇn) of the beast discernable? Could it be seen and worshiped? Could this image speak and come to life? Did this image physically, literally resemble the beast?
(f) Heb 10:1 For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image [eikÇn] of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect.
The Law of Moses was only a shadow of the blessings to come and wasn't the perfect representation of these blessings. Notice this isn't about objects or persons but for codes/belief systems and blessings which usually aren't three-dimensional objects or persons. Heb 10:1 consequently can't be used to disprove the understanding that when used in reference to spatial objects, persons and God, “eikÇn” means a literal outward, discernable resemblance.
(g) Rom 8:29 For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image [eikÇn] of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.
(h) 1 Cor 11:7 For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image [eikÇn] and glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man.
(i) 1 Cor 15:49 And as we have borne the image [eikÇn] of the earthy, we shall also bear the image [eikÇn] of the heavenly.
(j) Col 3:10 And have put on the new man, which is renewed in knowledge after the image [eikÇn] of him that created him.
These four passages state we are created after God's image and those who will be exalted will be transformed into duplicates of Jesus Christ (see MORMONISM: Section 5). These four passages use “eikÇn” the same way all the others do which means an exterior physical resemblance and not a non-discernable mystical essence (ousia) or nature.
It's noticeable that the usage of image (eikÇn) never refers to a non-literal physical resemblance when used in reference to three-dimensional objects, people, Heavenly Father or Jesus Christ.
6) charakt‘r [P"D"6JZD] (5481/5917) is used to mean “express image, a tool for engraving, stamp, impress as on a coin or seal, the seal or die which is the exact image of the coins or stamps, outward appearance, form, exact representation/reproduction.”15 It is related to “charagma” (5480/5916) “mark, the thing impressed, that which is formed” (Acts 17:29; Rev 13:16-17).16
Heb 1:2-3 Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds; Who being in the brightness of his glory, and the express image [charact‘r] of his person [substance] and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the majesty on high.
This is an extremely important word since “charakt‘r” means an exact copy or duplicate from a stamp or mold. Two identical pieces, one from the mold, the other from the original pattern the mold was based upon. Both are, in all points, identical.17
7) h4m4iÇma [Ò:@ÊT:"] (3667/3930) is used to mean “likeness, image, copy, similar, form, appearance, a resemblance, conformed, made like.”18 Related to “h4m4i4Ç” (3666/3929) which means “to make like, to resemble, like, liken” (see Heb 2:17; Acts 14:11; Matt 6:8 & Rom 9:29); “h4m4i4t‘s” (3665/3928) “likeness, type, appearance” (see Heb 4:15; 7:15) “h4m4i4s” (3664/3927) which means “similar, like, alike” (Matt 13:31,33,44-45,47,52; 20:1; John 8:55; 9:9; Rev 1:13,15; 2:18; etc.) “h4m4iÇsis” (3669/3932) “resemblance, similitude” (Jas 3:9); “h4m4iÇs” (3668/3931) which means “in like manner, similarly, likewise” (Matt 22:26; 26:35; John 6:11; 21:13; Rom 1:27; 1 Cor 7:3-4,22; Jude 1:8; Rev 8:12; etc.).
(a) Phil 2:7 But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness [h4m4iÇma] of men.
Did Jesus literally look human to those who saw him? Was Jesus “true man” in addition to being “true God”? His outward appearance was completely discernable and he was truly a man in all details. His only difference from the rest of humanity was having God as his physical father, possessing the “God” nature, (which enabled him to have the power to come back to life and satisfy the offended law) and his stupendous accomplishment of not committing a single sin. These three items enabled him to perform his infinite sacrifice for us.
(b) Rom 1:23 And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like [h4m4iÇma] to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.
These icons/idols literally resembled mortal man, birds, beasts and creeping things. They were outward images which were discernable optically.
(c) Rom 5:14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude [h4m4iÇma] of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come.
Paul mentions the fact that death comes to everyone from Adam to Moses even to those who didn't sin after the likeness/manner of Adam's sin [which was disobedience to a personal direct commandment from God]. “Everyone from Adam to Moses died even though their sins weren't like Adam's.” Likeness is used in this passage as a comparison and is in the negative. This isn't in reference to a three-dimensional object, human or God, but is concerning sin, and consequently can't be used to disprove the other instances of “h4m4iÇma” being used to refer to outwards appearance of objects, God or man.
(d) Rom 6:5 For if we have been planted together in the likeness [h4m4iÇma] of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection.
“If we have been united with him in the likeness of his death, so shall we be [united with him] in his resurrection.” Jesus literally died. People saw him die with their own eyes. His bodily death was discernable. His resurrected body was also discernable and could be held. The true disciple of Christ becomes “one” with Jesus. His sinful body dies with Christ's on the cross (Rom 6:6) and he will share his resurrection (Rom 6:8,11). The contrast is between the outward discernable appearance of Christ's body dying and being resurrected. This passage uses “h4m4iÇma” as on outward manifestation that is visible to man.
(e) Rom 8:3 For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness [h4m4iÇma] of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh.
Jesus was sent by the Father to become human. Jesus physically looked like an ordinary sinful human (but in actuality never committed sin) to those who saw him. Again, “h4m4iÇma” is an outward discernable manifestation.
(f) Rev 9:7 And the shapes [h4m4iÇma] of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto battle; and on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men.
These locusts appeared to be like armored horses equipped for battle. Their outward, likeness/appearance (h4m4iÇma) was discernable/visible.
The Greek word “h4m4iÇma” which is synonymous with the others in this group isn't used to mean something mystical or purely inward when referring to objects, man and God.
8) 4psis [ÐR4H] (3799/4071) “from the eye to see (denotes seeing, sight), face, visage, countenance, appearance.”19
(a) John 7:24 Judge not according to the appearance [4psis], but judge righteous judgment.
Don't judge others according to their outward, visible appearance [4psis] but make righteous judgements.
(b) John 11:44 And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with graveclothes: and his face [4psis] was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith unto them, Loose him, and let him go.
Was this literally Lazarus' face? Could it be discerned?
(c) Rev 1:16 And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance [4psis] was as the sun shineth in his strength.
Jesus' appearance or face was like the sun which caused John to collapse with fear when he saw him. Again, “4psis” is used as an external discernable appearance.
All the eight Greek words in this group (morph‘, sch‘ma, prosÇpon, .idÇs, eikÇn, charakt‘r, h4m4iÇma, & 4psis) clearly show their usage to mean an outward, discernable, three-dimensional [very rarely have any been used in reference to two-dimensional] appearance of an object or beings with only “morph‘” being used (once) to mean “being/make-up.” Any attempt to modify their meaning to refer to the non-discernable omnipresent essence (ousia) of God because the real meaning goes against one's theological education about God's nature can't be supported by an honest examination of the Scriptures. Those who distort the scriptures do so at their own destruction (2 Pet 3:16).
GROUP B: Other important Greek words
The particular words important to this group are: copy, conformed, conformable, formed, fashioned, like, likewise, made after, after, similitude, express image, resemble, resembling, reflection, to mirror, such as, the same as, example, ensample, pattern, exact reproduction, representation, change, see, seen, seing, saw, seeth, behold, beholding, appear, to view, viewed, look, manifested and perceived.
1) h4m4iÇs [Ò:@\TH] (3668/3931) which means “in like manner, similarly, in the same way, likewise.”20 From “h4m4i4s” (3664/3927) which means “similar, like, alike”(Matt 13:31,33,44-45,47,52; John 8:55; 9:9; 1 Jn 3:2; etc.).
(a) John 5:19 Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise [h4m4iÇs].
Whatever the Father does; Jesus does.
(b) Matt 22:25-26 Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first, when he had married a wife, deceased, and, having no issue, left his wife unto his brother: Likewise [h4m4iÇs] the second also, and the third, unto the seventh.
Whatever happened to the first brother, the same happened to the other six.
(c) Luke 5:33 And they said unto him, Why do the disciples of John fast often, and make prayers, and likewise [h4m4iÇs] the disciples of the Pharisees; but thine eat and drink?
The disciples of John frequently fasted and prayed and so did the disciples of the Pharisees.
(d) John 6:11 And Jesus took the loaves; and when he had given thanks, he distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to them that were set down; and likewise [h4m4iÇs] of the fishes as much as they would.
(e) John 21:13 Jesus then cometh, and taketh bread, and giveth them, and fish likewise [h4m4iÇs].
Whatever Jesus did with the bread, he also did with the fish.
(f) Rom 1:26-27 For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature: And likewise [h4m4iÇs] also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet.
Whatever these evil women did, these evil men did as well.
(g) Rev 8:12 And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the stars; so as the third part of them was darkened, and the day shone not for a third part of it, and the night likewise [h4m4iÇs].
Whatever diminished ratio of light occurred during the day, the same occurred at night.
No matter how our opponents try to twist John 5:19, “h4m4iÇs” really means “likewise.”(Also see Matt 26:35; 27:41; Mark 4:16; 15:31; Luke 3:11; 5:10,33; 6:31; 7:31; 10:32,37; 13:3,5; 16:25; 17:28,31; 22:36; 1 Cor 7:3; Jas 2:25; 1 Pet 3:1,7; 5:5; Jude 1:8).
2) blepÇ [$8XBT] (991/1063) “to have sight, vision, seeth, to look/see.”21
(a) John 5:19 Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth [blepÇ] the Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise.
Whatever Jesus sees the Father do; he emulates. To see (blepÇ) someone is a discernment. Jesus saw the Father do certain things and he's doing what he saw his Father do. Can anyone “see” something that's omnipresent? To “see” something means the object has boundaries which makes it discernable.
(b) Matt 6:4,6,18 That thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father which seeth [blepÇ] in secret himself shall reward thee openly ... But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth [blepÇ] in secret shall reward thee openly ... That thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth [blepÇ] in secret, shall reward thee openly.
God can literally see us even if we're in a secret place.
(c) Matt 11:4 Jesus answered and said unto them, Go and shew John again those things which ye do hear and see [blepÇ].
John's disciples were to tell him what they heard and seen. Could “seen” mean something other than what's literally discernable?
(d) Matt 13:13-14 Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing [blepÇ] see [blepÇ] not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand. And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing [blepÇ] ye shall see [blepÇ], and shall not perceive.
This passage contrasts discernment in two ways, they can discern Jesus's outward form, see the miracles, hear his preaching but they couldn't discern what message Jesus was teaching, and who he really was. They didn't have the understanding. Either way, “blepÇ” is used as something discernable.
(e) Matt 22:16 And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest [blepÇ] not the person of men.
Jesus doesn't look on the outward (discernable) three-dimensional appearance of men.
(f) Mark 13:23,33 But take ye heed [blepÇ]: behold, I have foretold you all things ... Take ye heed [blepÇ], watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is.
Be alert! Keep your eyes open! This action results in discernment wherein the faithful will see the signs of the times of Christ's return.
(g) Luke 6:41 And why beholdest [blepÇ] thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but perceivest not the beam that is in thine own eye?
“Why are you looking at the speck in your brother's eye but can't see the plank in yours?” The act of looking is an act of discernment and the speck is discernable.
(h) Luke 7:21 And in that same hour he cured many of their infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits; and unto many that were blind he gave sight [blepÇ].
Did Jesus really give these blind people their sight? Was this a discernable ability?
(i) Luke 24:12 Then arose Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre; and stooping down, he beheld [blepÇ] the linen clothes laid by themselves, and departed, wondering in himself at that which was come to pass.
Did Peter visibly see the linen cloths?
(j) Acts 1:9 And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld [blepÇ], he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.
Did these Christians literally, with their own eyes see Jesus ascend into heaven?
(k) Acts 9:8-9 And Saul arose from the earth; and when his eyes were opened, he saw [blepÇ] no man: but they led him by the hand, and brought him into Damascus. And he was three days without sight [blepÇ], and neither did eat nor drink.
Was Saul literally blind (Acts 9:8-18)?
It's obvious “blepÇ” is a discernable ability and can't be used to refer to God if God is truly a formless, non-material omnipresence.
3) poieÇ [B@4XT] (4160/4472) “to make or do, to execute, to cause.”22
(a) John 5:19 Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do [poieÇ] nothing of himself, but what he seeth the Father do [poieÇ]: for what things soever he doeth [poieÇ], these also doeth [poieÇ] the Son likewise.
The word “poieÇ” is an action. Whatever the Father does; Jesus does. What did Jesus do? He took upon himself an anthropomorphic, three-dimensional, discernable, material body (initially mortal; subsequently immortal). If he was only following what the Father has done before him, naturally, the Father has to have a physical body as well.
(b) Matt 7:12 Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do [poieÇ] to you, do [poieÇ] ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.
(c) Matt 7:21,24,26 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth [poieÇ] the will of my Father which is in heaven ... Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth [poieÇ] them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock ... And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth [poieÇ] them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand.
(d) Matt 12:2 But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do [poieÇ] that which is not lawful to do [poieÇ] upon the sabbath day.
(d) John 3:11 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do [poieÇ] know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness.
(e) John 7:4 For there is no man that doeth [poieÇ] any thing in secret, and he himself seeketh to be known openly. If thou do [poieÇ] these things, shew thyself to the world.
The Greek word “poieÇ” can be found hundreds of times in the NT and always refer to an action.
4)th.or.Ç [2,TDXT] (2334/2555) Using physical eyes, “a spectator of, to look at carefully with intent and continuity, to observe carefully, to gaze, a witness of.”23 Related to “theÇria” (2335/2556) “spectacle, sight, gaze, behold” (Luke 23:48; Acts 7:31).
(a) John 12:45 And he that seeth [th.or.Ç] me seeth [th.or.Ç] him that sent me.
Jesus said whoever sees him is also seeing Heavenly Father. When Jesus said this, he had a physical anthropomorphic body which was discernable. How would his listeners understand what he said? Naturally, the exterior appearance of Jesus is also the exterior appearance of Heavenly Father. Since Jesus was in humanoid form; likewise is Heavenly Father. Was Jesus only speaking metaphorically or was he referring to his interior nature as being God? This depends with how “th.or.Ç” is used in the NT:
(b) Matt 27:55 And many women were there beholding [th.or.Ç] afar off, which followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering unto him.
Were these women seeing an exterior appearance discernable to their eyes?
(c) Matt 28:1 In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see [th.or.Ç] the sepulchre.
Did Mary Magdalene and the other Mary really go to the tomb to see it with their own eyes or was it only a metaphor for something else?
(d) John 6:19 So when they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs, they see [th.or.Ç] Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the ship: and they were afraid.
Did these disciples really see Jesus walking on water or was this something that could only be discerned with their “mind's eye”? Why were they afraid if it wasn't a visible manifestation?
(e) John 14:19 Yet a little while, and the world seeth [th.or.Ç] me no more; but ye see me: because I live, ye shall live also.
Was the world only going to see Jesus for “a little while longer” a short time before his crucifixion in the first century?
(f) John 20:6,12,14 Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth [th.or.Ç] the linen clothes lie ... And seeth [th.or.Ç] two angels in white sitting, the one at the head, and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain ... And when she had thus said, she turned herself back, and saw [th.or.Ç] Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus.
Did Peter really (optically) see the linen cloths? Did they really see two angels with their own eyes? Did Mary Magdalene really see Jesus or was it her imagination?
(g) Acts 21:20 And when they heard it, they glorified the Lord, and said unto him, Thou seest [th.or.Ç], brother, how many thousands of Jews there are which believe; and they are all zealous of the law.
Did Paul really see numerous Jewish-Christians being faithful to the Mosaic Law?
It's quite obvious “th.or.Ç” is used as something that can be discerned and when it is used in reference to an object, persons or God, it is always understood to mean discernable with boundaries and three-dimensional form (also see: Mark 5:15,38; 12:41; 15:47; Luke 10:18; 14:29; 23:35,48; 24:37,39; John 6:40,62; 7:3; 8:51; 9:8; 10:12; 12:19,45; 14:17,19; 16:10,16-17,19; 17:24; Acts 3:16; 7:56; 8:13; 17:22; 19:26; 20:38; 25:24; Heb 7:4; 1 Jn 3:17; Rev 11:12).
5) horaÇ [ÒDVT] (3708/3972) “to behold, to see, to look upon, catch sight of, take heed/care, see to, make sure, be on guard.”24 Whenever “horaÇ” is used to refer to an object or person, it always is used to mean “to see, to behold.”
(a) John 14:9 Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen [horaÇ] me hath seen [horaÇ] the Father; and how sayest thou then, Shew us the Father?
Jesus said whoever sees him sees Heavenly Father. Since he had a physical discernable body, so does the Father.
(b) Luke 1:22 And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen [horaÇ] a vision in the temple: for he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless.
Did an angel really appear to Zecharias? Was this angel discernable? Did he have a form? Or, did Zecharias' vision only occur in his mind? (Luke 1:11-20)
(c) Luke 23:49 And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding [horaÇ] these things.
Did these people who were looking at the dying Jesus on the cross really see him with their own eyes or was his death a “vision” given to them that was only discernable in their minds?
(d) John 3:11,32 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen [horaÇ]; and ye receive not our witness ... And what he hath seen [horaÇ] and heard, that he testifieth; and no man receiveth his testimony.
Jesus spoke on subjects he really knew and witnessed of things he had actually seen even though men disbelieved his testimony. No room here for “horaÇ” being anything less than literal.
(e) John 20:18,25,29 Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen [horaÇ] the Lord, and that he had spoken these things unto her ... The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen [horaÇ] the Lord. But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into his side, I will not believe ... Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen [horaÇ] me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.
Did Mary Magdalene really see the resurrected Jesus with her own eyes? (John 20:14-16) Did these other disciples really see Jesus? (John 20:19-23) Did Thomas really see Jesus with his own eyes? (John 20:26-28)
(f) Col 2:1 For I would that ye knew what great conflict I have for you, and for them at Laodicea, and for as many as have not seen [horaÇ] my face in the flesh.
Paul used “horaÇ” in reference to those who haven't (literally) seen his face or to those who wouldn't know who he was even if they saw him.
(g) 1 Pet 1:8 Whom having not seen, ye love; in whom, though now ye see [horaÇ] him not, yet believing, ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory:
We have to believe in Jesus Christ even though we haven't literally seen him.
(h) 1 Jn 1:1-3 That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen [horaÇ] with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the Word of life; (For the life was manifested, and we have seen [horaÇ] it, and bear witness, and shew unto you that eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested unto us;) That which we have seen [horaÇ] and heard declare we unto you, that ye also may have fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ.
John was testifying of Jesus. Did he really see Jesus while in mortality? Of course since he was one of the original Twelve Apostles! He saw Jesus with his own eyes. Jesus was discernable to him. He had a three-dimensional shape and could be visibly seen. He wasn't an omnipresent entity.
“horaÇ” is used many times in the NT and usually means a literal discernment of a person or object and is sometimes used to mean “make sure” or “take heed”(also see: Matt 8:4; 9:30; 24:6; Mark 1:44; Luke 9:36; 16:23; 24:23; John 1:18; 4:45; 5:37; 6:36,46; 8:38,57; 9:37; 14:7; 15:24; Acts 7:44; 22:15; 1 Cor 9:1; Col 2:18; 1 Th 5:15; Heb 2:8; 8:5; 11:27; Jas 2:24; 1 Jn 3:6; 4:20; 3 Jn 1:11; Rev 22:9).
6)hup4stasis [ßB`FJ"F4H] (5287/5712) “substance, nature, essence, make-up, actual being, a standing/setting under, confidence, assurance, trust, support, reliance.”25
(a) Heb 1:3 Who being the brightness of his glory, and the express image of his person [hup4stasis], and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high.
Jesus is the exact copy of Heavenly Father's substance (whatever he is and has-his nature of being God and possessing a glorious immortal material body). This is the only place in the NT where “hup4stasis” is used to mean “substance.” It is understood differently in other passages:
(b) 2 Cor 9:4 Lest haply if they of Macedonia come with me, and find you unprepared, we (that we say not, ye) should be ashamed in this same confident [hup4stasis] boasting.
(c) 2 Cor 11:17 That which I speak, I speak it not after the Lord, but as it were foolishly, in this confidence [hup4stasis] of boasting.
(d) Heb 3:14 For we are made partakers of Christ, if we hold the beginning of our confidence [hup4stasis] stedfast unto the end.
(e) Heb 11:1 Now faith is the substance [hup4stasis] of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.
These four passages understand “hup4stasis” to mean “confidence, assurance, boldness, certitude.” The context “hup4stasis” is in within Heb 11:1 makes it difficult to determine if it should be understood to mean “substance” or “confidence” but may mean “realized,” “In faith, things hoped for become reality.” It may also mean, “title-deed.” “Faith is the title-deed of things hoped for.”26
7) apaugasma [•B"b("F:"] (541/575). “radiance, brightness, effulgence.”27
(a) Heb 1:3 Who being the brightness [apaugasma] of his glory, and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high.
Jesus is in the brightness of Heavenly Father's glory. The context makes it difficult to determine if he inherently possesses the Father's brightness of glory or if he reflects Heavenly Father's glory.28 Either way, the message this passage is conveying is Jesus is whatever God is which also includes his outward physical appearance.
8) doxa [*`>"] (1391/1518) “glory, dignity, fame, renown, magnificence, praise, honor, awe-inspiring, causes admiration, renown, distinction, resplendent, splendid, from brightness, radiance.”29
(a) Heb 1:3 Who being the brightness of his glory [doxa], and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high.
Jesus possesses Heavenly Father's glory while in a three-dimensional discernable anthropomorphic form. God's glory shines through Jesus.
(b) 2 Cor 4:6 For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory [doxa] of God in the face of Jesus Christ.
The glory of God can be seen on the appearance of Jesus Christ.
(c) Phil 3:21 Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious [doxa] body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself.
Our mortal, imperfect, dull bodies will be transformed to resemble Christ's glorious body.
(d) John 1:14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory [doxa], the glory [doxa] as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth.
The glory of Jesus is him being the only Begotten Son of the Father who is full of grace and Truth.
(e) John 17:5,22,24 And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory [doxa] which I had with thee before the world was ... And the glory [doxa] which thou gavest me I have given them; that they may be one, even as we are one ... Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am; that they may behold my glory [doxa], which thou hast given me: for thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world.
Here's Jesus asking Heavenly Father to restore his glory which he possessed before the world was even created. The glory the Father bestows upon Jesus, Jesus in turn bestows upon his true followers to incorporate them into the “oneness” he enjoys with the Father. Jesus is also asking God to allow his followers to dwell where he dwells so they will see the glory he possesses.
(f) 1 Cor 2:8 Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory [doxa].
Jesus is the Lord of glory (which he received from his Father).
(g) Eph 1:6,12,14,17-18 To the praise of the glory [doxa] of his grace, wherein he hath made us accepted in the beloved ... That we should be to the praise of his glory [doxa], who first trusted in Christ ... Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory [doxa] ... That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory [doxa], may give unto you the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him: The eyes of your understanding being enlightened; that ye may know what is the hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glory [doxa] of his inheritance in the saints.
The glory of God's grace. We praise God's glory and Heavenly Father is the Father of glory. The faithful followers of Jesus Christ will receive this glory as an inheritance.
For more passages containing “doxa” see Matt 6:13; 16:27; 19:28; 24:30; 25:31; Mark 8:38; 13:26; Luke 2:9,14; 9:26,29-32; 21:27; 24:26; John 2:11; 11:4,40; Rom 1:23; 3:23; 6:4; 2 Cor 3:7-18; Tit 2:13; Heb 2:7,9; Jas 2:1; 1 Pet 1:21; 2 Pet 1:17; etc.
9) h4m4iÇsis [Ò:@\TF4H] (3669/3932) “resemblance, likeness, image, similitude.”30
Jas 3:9 Therewith bless we God, even the Father; and therewith curse we men, which are made after the similitude [h4m4iÇsis] of God.
We use our tongues to bless God the Father and also use it to curse our fellow-men, who just so happens are created after the likeness (h4m4iÇsis) of God.31
10) summ4ph4Ç [F<::@DN`T]/ summorphizÇ [F<::@DN\>T] (4833/5214/6) from 4832 “to render like, transformed, to make identical with another person, to take on the identical form as, to become like, to make conformable to.”32
Phil 3:10 That I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable [summ4ph4Ç] unto his death.
The true followers of Christ shares the likeness (summ4ph4Ç) of his death (this is a central idea in the NT. Also see Rom 6:3-11; 2 Cor 4:10-12; 5:17-21; Eph 2:13-18; 4:22-24; Phil 3:10-11).
11) summ4rph4s [Fb::@DN@H] (4832/5215) “according as, after, conformed to, likeness, fashioned like unto, similar form.”33
(a) Phil 3:21Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned [summ4rph4s] like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself.
Jesus will change our corruptible bodies and will fashion (summ4rph4s) them after his glorious body.
(b) Rom 8:29 For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed [summ4rph4s] to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.
Those whom God chose before the creation of the world he fore-ordained to be fashioned after the likeness of his Son for Jesus to be the eldest among many brothers.
12) susch‘matizÇ [FLFP0:"J\.T] (4964/5372) “to conform, to fashion or shape one thing after another.”34
(a) Rom 12:2 And be not conformed [susch‘matizÇ] to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.
Don't be fashioned (susch‘matizÇ) after the world (by doing what the world does). This is about the sinful nature of society and isn't in reference to an object or being.
(b) 1 Pet 1:14 As obedient children, not fashioning [susch‘matizÇ] yourselves according to the former lusts in your ignorance.
Don't conform (susch‘matizÇ) yourselves after the evil desires you had when you were ignorant (about the Truth). Again, “susch‘matizÇ” isn't used in reference to an object or being and can't disprove the literal meaning when referring to objects or beings.
13) metasch‘matizÇ [:,J"FP0:"J\.T] (3345/3571) from “meta” - “after,” “sch‘ma” - “a figure, fashion, form.” “To change in fashion or appearance from one form to another, to transfer, transformation, example, remodel, transfigure.”35
(a) Phil 3:21 Who shall change [metasch‘matizÇ] our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself.
Jesus will change/transform (metasch‘matizÇ) our corruptible bodies and will fashion them after his glorious body.
(b) 1 Cor 4:6 And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred [metasch‘matizÇ] to myself and to Apollos for your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which is written, that no one of you be puffed up for one against another.
This is a difficult passage, “I have given this teaching of mine the form of an exposition (metasch‘matizÇ) concerning Apollos and myself”36 “I have used Apollos and myself as an example (metasch‘matizÇ) so that you will learn not to think too highly about men beyond what is written in the Scriptures so no one will speak boastfully about one to disparage another.”
(c) 2 Cor 11:13-15 For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming [metasch‘matizÇ] themselves into the apostles of Christ. And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed [metasch‘matizÇ] into an angel of light. Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be transformed [metasch‘matizÇ] as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works.
This transformation isn't a true transformation but was only a transformation of the outward visible appearance. Their exterior looked righteous and holy, but in reality, they were truly evil.
The word “metasch‘matizÇ” is used as an outward visible appearance.
14) metamorphoÇ [:,J":@DN`T] (3339/3565) “to change into another form, transformed, transfigured, become different, metamorphosis, to change the external form. A transformation that is outwardly visible.”37
(a) 2 Cor 3:18 But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed [metamorphoÇ] into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord.).
When we [the true followers of Christ] look into a mirror, we see God's glory and are transformed (metamorphoÇ) into his image, undergoing ever-increasing glory/splendor by the Spirit of the Lord. Our outward appearances are created after God's image and Christ's true followers are continually being transformed into resembling himself.38
(b) Matt 17:2 And was transfigured [metamorphoÇ] before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light.
(c) Mark 9:2-3 And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured [metamorphoÇ] before them. And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on earth can white them.
Jesus's outward appearance transformed (metamorphoÇ) from a normal human to one whose appearance was astoundingly glorious (Matt 17:1-9; Mark 9:2-10; Luke 9:28-36; 2 Pet 1:16-18).39
(d) Rom 12:2 And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed [metamorphoÇ] by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.
Don't conform to this sinful world but be transformed (metamorphoÇ) by the renewal of your mind for you to discern the will of God, those which are good, acceptable to him and perfect. “metamorphoÇ” is used in reference to one's mind; not outward physical appearance.
15) katoptrizÇ [6"J@BJD\.T] (2734/3002) “a mirror, to reflect, to mirror, to see by reflection as in a mirror.”40 Same idea is found in “Ťs4ptr4n” (2072/2269) “mirror” from polished and regular metal which can reflect images (1 Cor 13:12; Jas 1:23)
(a) 2 Cor 3:18 But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass [katoptrizÇ] the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord.
The “glass” mentioned in 2 Cor 3:18 is actually a mirror (katoptrizÇ) probably comprised of a smooth, regular sheet or piece of metal which would give a reflection. When we look in the mirror, our reflection is the image of God.
16) phan.r4Ç [N"<,D`T] (5319/5746) “to render apparent, to appear, to reveal, to make manifest/known, to show, to display, to bring to light, to present to view, to make visible, to see.”41
(a) 1 Tim 3:16 And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest [phan.r4Ç] in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.
God was manifested/revealed/seen in the flesh. This can be understood two ways, either way has numerous scriptural supports. “God was revealed in the flesh” - “ Jesus is God” / “ Jesus looks like God.” The former interpretation is examined in MORMONISM: Section 2 and the latter is in this Section.
(b) John 1:31 And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest [phan.r4Ç] to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water.
(c) Col 3:4 When Christ, who is our life, shall appear [phan.r4Ç], then shall ye also appear [phan.r4Ç] with him in glory.
(d) Heb 9:26 For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared [phan.r4Ç] to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself.
(e) 1 Pet 1:20 Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest [phan.r4Ç] in these last times for you.
(f) 1 Pet 5:4 And when the chief Shepherd shall appear [phan.r4Ç], ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away.
(g) 1 Jn 1:2 (For the life was manifested [phan.r4Ç], and we have seen it, and bear witness, and shew unto you that eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested [phan.r4Ç] unto us).
(h) 1 Jn 2:28 And now, little children, abide in him; that, when he shall appear [phan.r4Ç], we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his coming.
(i) 1 Jn 3:2,5,8 Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear [phan.r4Ç] what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear [phan.r4Ç], we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is ... And ye know that he was manifested [phan.r4Ç] to take away our sins; and in him is no sin ... He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested [phan.r4Ç], that he might destroy the works of the devil.
Is Jesus physically, outwardly discernable? Could he been seen by those around him in the first century? Will he literally be seen by mankind when he returns? “phan.r4Ç” is something outwardly discernable when referring to objects and beings (also see Matt 27:53; John 3:11,21; 17:6; 21:1; Acts 4:16; Rom 16:25-26; 2 Cor 5:10-11; 7:12; Col 1:26; 4:3-4; Heb 9:8; 1 Jn 2:19; Rev 3:18; 15:4). It is also discernable (spiritually?) with nonmaterial or indeterminate items (Mark 4:22; John 9:3; Rom 1:19; 3:21; 1 Cor 4:5; 2 Cor 2:14; 11:6; Eph 5:13; 2 Tim 1:9-10; Tit 1:3; 1 Jn 4:9).
An honest examination of how the NT uses these Greek words shows they all point to God the Father having a three-dimensional form that can be outwardly discernable. God isn't the formless omnipresent being envisioned by Traditional Christianity.
[ENDNOTES]:
1.BAGD. 528; VEDBW-NT. p.251; SECB-G. p. 49a; GELNT-SD. 58.2,15; FALGNT. 3498; CGEDNT. 4096; ATR. Phil 2:6; ATGL. G3444; TDNT. 4:742-752; EDNT. 2:442-443; NIDNTT. 1:705-708; TLNT. 2:520-525; NAGL. 3444; NTGED. 3307; AGL. p. 273.
2.JBC. 50:18 (6). The entire passage reads: “ In the Gk world morph‘ theou was used for the external (usually human) form of a god in a theophany. For a Jew, however, to think of God in a human form was out of the question [citing Josephus].” I dropped the second portion since it reflected the Greek philosophical bias that infiltrated post-Philo Judaism and Christian Theology. This isn't part of the original non-Hellenic Jewish and first-century Christian worldview since the assumptions of God being a non-material formless omnipresent “ousia” isn't derived from the Jews or Christians but is from the Greek Philosophers. This is explained in greater detail in MORMONISM: Section 4.
3. GELNT-SD. 58.2.
4.TLNT. 2:523-524, 524 f.14.
5.BAGD. p. 797; VEDBW-NT. p. 227; SECB-G. p. 70b; GELNT-SD. 58.7,17; FALGNT. 5105; CGEDNT. 5948; ATR. Phil 2:8; ATGL. G4976; TDNT. 7:954-956; EDNT. 3:317-318; NIDNTT. 1:708-710; NAGL. 4976; NTGED. 4828; AGL. p. 394.
6.Josephus. Ant. 10:11.
7.BAGD. p. 720; VEDBW-NT. pp. 33,220; SECB-G. p. 62a; GELNT-SD. 8.18; 9.9; 24.24; 30.120; 31.31; 79.93; 83.33-34; 85.26; FALGNT 4491; CGEDNT 5230; ATGL. G4383; TDNT. 6:768-778; NIDNTT. 1:585-587; 3:514; NAGL. 4383; NTGED. 4241; AGL. p. 353.
8.GELNT-SD. 85.26.
9.GELNT-SD. 17.21.
10.BAGD. p. 221; VEDBW-NT. p. 568; SECB-G. p. 25b; GELNT-SD 58.14; 24.1; FALGNT. 1567; CGEDNT. 1805; ATGL. G1491; TDNT. 2:373-375; EDNT. 1:385-386; NIDNTT. 1:703-704; NAGL. 1491; NTGED. 1482; AGL. p. 117.
11.GELNT-SD. 58.14.
12.See Sir 23:16; 25:2.
13.Also see LXX Gen 41:2-4; Ezek 1:26; 1 Cl 16:2, Josephus. Ant. 6:296; Isa 53:2.
14.BAGD. p. 222; VEDBW-NT. pp. 318-319; SECB-G. p. 25c; GELNT-SD 6.96; 58.35,61; FALGNT. 1576; CGEDNT. 1818; ATR. Col 1:15; ATGL. G1504; TDNT. 2:381-397; NIDNTT. 2:286-288; NAGL. 1504; NTGED. 1492; AGL. p. 117.
15.BAGD. p. 876; VEDBW-NT. p. 319; SECB-G. p. 77b; GELNT-SD. 58.62; FALGNT. 5605; CGEDNT. 6497; ATR. Heb 1:3; ATGL. G5481; TDNT. 9:418-423; EDNT. 3:456; NIDNTT. 2:288; NAGL. 5481; NTGED. 5317; AGL. p. 435; EBC. Heb 1:3.
16.EDNT. 3:455-456; TDNT. 9:416f; NIDNTT. 2:573-574.
17.Also see LXX Lev 13:28; 1 Cl 33:4.
18.BAGD. p. 567; VEDBW-NT. p. 372; SECB-G. p. 51c; GELNT-SD. 64.2; FALGNT. 3732; CGEDNT. 4333; ATR. Phil 2:7; ATGL. G3667; TDNT. 5:191-198; NIDNTT. 2:500-504; NAGL. 3667; NTGED. 3530; AGL. p. 288.
19.BAGD. pp. 601-602; VEDBW-NT. p. 33; SECB-G. p. 53c; GELNT-SD 8.18; 30.14; FALGNT. 3869; CGEDNT. 4477; ATGL. G3799; EDNT. 2:555; NTGED. 3663; AGL. p. 291.
20.BAGD. pp. 567-568; VEDBW-NT. p. 372; SECB-G. p. 52a; GELNT-SD. 64.1; FALGNT. 3733; CGEDNT. 4334; ATGL. G3668; EDNT. 2:513-514; NIDNTT. 2:500-503; NAGL. 3668; NTGED. 3530; AGL. p. 288.
21.BAGD. p. 143; VEDBW-NT. p. 556; SECB-G. p. 19b; GELNT-SD. 24.7,41; 27.58; 30.120; FALGNT. 1039; CGEDNT. 1175; ATR. John 5:19; ATGL. G991; TDNT. 5:315,317,327,343-344; NIDNTT. 3:511-517; NAGL. 991; NTGED. 984; AGL. p. 71.
22.BAGD. pp. 680-683; VEDBW-NT. p. 179; SECB-G. p. 59a; GELNT-SD 90.45; 42.7; 13.9; 42.29,41; FALGNT. 4253; CGEDNT. 4941; ATR. John 5:19; ATGL. G4160; TDNT. 6:458 ff; NIDNTT. 3:1152-1155; NAGL. 4160; NTGED. 4020; AGL. pp. 332-333.
23.BAGD. p. 360; VEDBW-NT. p. 60; SECB-G. p. 36b; GELNT-SD 24.14; FALGNT. 2445; CGEDNT. 2947; ATGL. G2334; TDNT. 5:315 ff. esp. 318-319,328,335,345-346; NAGL. 2334; NTGED. 2311; AGL. p. 194.
24.BAGD. pp. 577-578; VEDBW-NT. p. 59; SECB-G. p. 52b; GELNT-SD 24.1; FALGNT. 3774; CGEDNT. 4377; ATGL. G3708; TDNT. 5:315 ff. esp. 315-317,324-327,329-330,334-335,340-343; NIDNTT. 3:511-516; NAGL. 3708; NTGED. 3571; AGL. p. 291.
25. BAGD. p. 847; VEDBW-NT. p. 607; SECB-G. p. 74c; GELNT-SD 58.1; 31.84; FALGNT. 5410; CGEDNT. 6294; ATR. Heb 1:3; ATGL. G5287; TDNT. 8:572-589; NIDNTT. 1:710-714; EDNT. 3:406-407; TLNT. 3:421-423; NAGL. 5287; NTGED. 5125; AGL. p. 419.
26.TLNT. 3:423.
27.BAGD. p. 82; VEDBW-NT. p. 79; SECB-G. p. 13c; GELNT-SD 14.48; FALGNT. 571; CGEDNT. 626; ATR. Heb 1:3; ATGL. G541; TDNT. 1:508; 9:418-423; EDNT. 1:117-118; NIDNTT. 2:289-290; NAGL. 541; NTGED. 537; AGL. p. 36.
28.EBC. Heb 1:3.
29. BAGD. pp. 203-204; VEDBW-NT. pp. 267-268; 24a-b; GELNT-SD. 79.18; 14.49; 76.13; 33.357; 87.4,23; 12.49; 1.15; 12.6; FALGNT. 1464; CGEDNT. 1657; ATGL. G1391; TDNT. 2:233 ff. esp. 235-237; EDNT. 1:344-348; NIDNTT. 2:44-48; NAGL. 1391; NTGED. 1385; AGL. pp. 104-105.
30.BAGD. p. 568; VEDBW-NT. p. 372; SECB-G. p. 52a; GELNT-SD. 64.3; FALGNT. 3734; CGEDNT. 4335; ATR. Jas 3:9; ATGL. G3669; TDNT. 5:190-198; EDNT. 2:512-513; NAGL. 3669; NTGED. 3531; AGL. p. 288.
31.Also see LXX Gen 1:26; 1 Cl 33:5; Bar 5:5; 6:12; Josephus. Ant. 13:67.
32.BAGD. p. 778; VEDBW-NT. p. 121; SECB-G. p. 68b; GELNT-SD. 58.6; FALGNT. 4942; CGEDNT. 5724; ATR. Phil 3:10; ATGL. G4833; TDNT. 7:787 (l); EDNT. 3:287, 288; NAGL. 4833; NTGED. 4682B, 4684; AGL. p. 383.
33.BAGD. p. 778; VEDBW-NT. p. 122; SECB-G. p. 68b; GELNT-SD. 58.5; FALGNT. 4943; CGEDNT. 5725; ATR. Phil 3:21; ATGL. G4832; TDNT. 7:787 (k); EDNT. 3:287-288; NAGL. 4832; NTGED. 4683; AGL. p. 383.
34.BAGD. p. 795; VEDBW-NT. p. 122; SECB-G. p. 70a; GELNT-SD. 41.29; FALGNT. 5091; CGEDNT. 5936, 5935; ATGL. G4964; EDNT. 3:314; NAGL. NAGL. 4964; NTGED. 4816; AGL. pp. 393-394.
35.BAGD. p. 513; VEDBW-NT. p. 227; SECB-G. p. 47c; GELNT-SD. 58.18; 89.11; FALGNT. 3409; CGEDNT. 3992; ATR. Phil 3:21; ATGL. G3345; TDNT. 7:957-958; NIDNTT. 3:864; NAGL. 3345; NTGED. 3215; AGL. p. 267.
36.BAGD. p. 513.
37.BAGD. p. 511; VEDBW-NT. p. 639; SECB-G. p. 47c; GELNT-SD. 13.53; 58.16; FALGNT. 3402; CGEDNT. 3984, 3983; ATR. 2 Cor 3:18; ATGL. G3339; TDNT. 4:755-759; NIDNTT. 3:861-864; NAGL. 3339; NTGED. 3209; AGL. p. 266.
38.Even Walter Bauer couldn't bring himself to admit this transformation was visible to the eye despite 2 Cor 3:18 was explicitly clear this was an outward reflection from a mirror. BAGD. p. 511.
39.Also see 2 Apoc. Bar. 51:3; OTP. 1:638.
40. BAGD. p. 424; VEDBW-NT. p. 60; SECB-G. p. 41b; GELNT-SD. 24.44; 14.52; FALGNT. 2874; CGEDNT. 3430, 3439; ATR. 2 Cor 3:18; ATGL. G2734; TDNT. 2:696-697; EDNT. 2:274-275; NAGL. 2734; NTGED. 2704; AGL. p. 226.
41.BAGD. pp. 852-853; VEDBW-NT. pp. 31-32; SECB-G. p. 75b; GELNT-SD. 24.19; 28.36; FALGNT. 5443; CGEDNT. 6330; ATR. 1 Tim 3:16; ATGL. G5319; TDNT. 9:3-6; NAGL. 5319; NTGED. 5157; EDBW. p. 63; AGL. p. 422.
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