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(
1) Herman Hattaway & Archer Jones, How the
North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Illini
Books Edition. (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois
Press, 1991). 32
( 2) Chester Hearns, Gray Raiders of the Sea: How Eight Confederate Warships Destroyed the Union's High Seas Commerce. (Camden ME.: International Marine Publishing, 1992)
( 3) James Morris Morgan & John P. Marquand, Prince and Boatswain. (Greenfield, Mass.: E. A. Hall & Co., 1915)
( 4) Morgan: Prince. 31
( 5) The Papers of Jefferson Davis. 8 Vols. (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana U.P., 1971-1975). 6: 656-657
( 6) "The Hero of the Webb". The Daily Picayune - New Orleans. 14th., November, 1889
( 7) "Admiral W. S. Schley to Winfield M. Thompson, no
date but about 1904, copy in possession of Read's grandson, Mallory J.
Read". Quoted in Charles Dufour Nine Men in Gray.
(Garden City: Doubleday, 1963; Bison Book edition 1993)
120.
This quotation has been
taken in part from Dufour's book, where the reference was found.
( 8) Description of Charles Read by Allen Pinkerton in Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. 31 vols. (Washington D.C..: Government Printing Office, 1894-1927), Series 1, 22:152-54.
( 9) Davis Papers 6: 656-657
( 10) Charles W. Read "Reminiscences of the Confederate States Navy". Southern Historical Society Papers 1, No. 5 (May 1876) 331
( 11) Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate Girls Diary. (London: Wm. Heinemann, 1913; Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana U.P., 1960) 26
( 12) Morgan, Boatswain 32-33
( 13) United States Navy, Naval Historical Division. Civil War Naval Chronology 1861-1865. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971). 6:269
( 14) Dawson, Diary 445
( 15) Naval Chronology. 6:629
( 16) Morgan, Boatswain 34
( 17) Read, Reminiscences. 333
( 18) ORN. 16: 581
( 19) Virgil Carrington Jones, The Civil War at Sea. Vol. 1. The Blockaders. (New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1960) 254
( 20) Morgan, Boatswain. 36
( 21) James Morris Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917) 55. Quoted in William N. Still, Iron Afloat. (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971; Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1985) 46-47
( 22) Morgan, Boatswain 37-39
( 23) Dawson, Diary. 151
( 24) William C. Harris, Leroy Pope Walker (Tuscaloosa: Confederate Pub. Co., 1962) 'Confederate Centennial Studies, No. 20'. 85. Read Reminiscences. 336
( 25) Morgan, Rebel Reefer 69
( 26) Read Reminiscences. 339
J. Thomas Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy from its Organization
to the Surrender of its Last Vessel. (New York: Rogers
and Sherwood, 1887) 246
( 27) Charles Dufour, The Night the War was Lost. (Garden City: Doubleday, 1960; Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1994 Bison Book). 227
( 28) Morgan, Rebel Reefer. 73. A similar statement appears in Boatswain, 43, and on the next page he states "Of the McRae's officers only Read and one little Midshipman were left. When the day broke the McRae was the only vessel left with the Confederate flag flying".
( 29) Morgan, Rebel Reefer 73
( 30) George W. Gift, "The Story of the Arkansas". in Southern Historical Society Papers 12: 116 (February 1884). The author states that Read saw the No. 6, but all other accounts, including Read's own, make it clear that he was below decks fighting a fire that threatened the magazine when Huger was struck. Summoned to the deck, Read took command.
( 31) Dufour, Night 278
( 32) Morgan, Rebel Reefer. 74. Morgan also states here that the exhausted crew refused to continue at the pumps.
( 33) ORN 18:697
( 34) Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865. 7 Vols., Government Printing Office, 1904-05). 2:393
( 35) 'Duncan to Mrs. Duncan, April 24, 1862, in Duncan Papers, in possession of Mrs. Mildred Parham of New Orleans' quoted in Dufour, Night, 405, from where this citation for a quotation used on p319 is taken.
( 36) Read, Reminiscences 343
( 37) Ibid, 349
( 38) Morgan, Rebel Reefer 45-46
( 39) Read, Reminiscences 348
( 40) Ibid, 349
( 41) Ibid, 349; Gift, Arkansas 49
( 42) Read Reminiscences, 350. On p355 he states 'Had not our gunboats in the Yazoo been uselessly destroyed by Pinkney, there can be no doubt that Captain Brown could, with their assistance, have injured the enemy far more than he did with the "Arkansas" alone'. He then enumerates the advantages of the boats, and indicates how they could have been used. This was a judgement of his mature years. Gift, Arkansas 165 makes a similar point.
( 43) Ibid. 351, The trip to Vicksburg involved the sailor in long-distance cross country riding but he seems to have coped well. He must therefore have been a good horseman even if he came from a poor family.
( 44) Ibid 351
( 45) Gift, Arkansas 53
( 46) Capt. Isaac Brown, C.S.N., "The Confederate Gun-boat 'Arkansas'" in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buell (eds) Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York: Century Books Co., 1887;. [USA]: Castle, ND.) 3:574
( 47) Gift, Arkansas 53
( 48) Ibid 116. The comparison to Trafalgar comes from Brown, Gunboat 3:578
( 49) Ibid
( 50) Ibid, 163
( 51) Ibid 207. The identification of Eugene Browne
comes in Rev John Johnson "Story of the Confederate Armoured
Ram 'Arkansas'" in Southern Historical Society Papers
33 (105) 12.
Tracing Browne's career through various records and accounts is tricky
due to the various ways his name is given. However I fully
agree with the identification of Eugene browne as engineer on Arkansas
and Tacony in James D. Hill, "Charles W. Read: Confederate
Von Lückner" in South Atlantic Quarterly (October
1929) 393
( 52) Brown, Gun-boat 579
( 53) Gift Arkansas 210. Read kept Essex at bay with shellfire until Stevens had completed the task of setting her alight.
( 54) Dawson Diary 151-156
( 55) Read Reminiscences 361
( 56) Frank Owsley, The C.S.S. Florida: Her Building and Operations. (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1965. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1987)
( 57) Dufour Nine Men. 137
( 58) ORN 1:769
( 59) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
( 60) ORN 6:678
( 61) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
( 62) Ibid
( 63) ORN 2:644
( 64) That "E.H.Brown"{sic} was Second Officer is confirmed by a list of prisoners in ORN 2:328
( 65) ORN 2:665. Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
( 66) ORN 2:665. Owsley, Florida, 189. Richard S. West Mr. Lincoln's Navy. states that two, the Isaac Webb and the Shatemuc were steamers. This is not borne out by other accounts. Notably Owsley, Florida states that both were clipper ships.
( 67) Ibid 163
( 68) Ibid 81. Various entries in ORN Vol. 2 confirm this
( 69) ORN 2:656
( 70) Ibid 2:281
( 71) Ibid 2:307
( 72) Ibid 2:316
( 73) Ibid 2:309: Owsley Florida 73
( 74) Ibid 2 278
( 75) Ibid, 2: 287
( 76) Gideon Welles, Diary of Gideon Welles (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1911) Various entries. Owsley Florida 131-132.
( 77) Owsley,Florida 87
( 78) Hearns, Gray Raiders 93
( 79) ORN 2:300
( 80) Ibid 2:304-306
( 81) Ibid 2: 304
( 82) Ibid 2: 322; 2: 340
( 83) Hearns, Gray Raiders 90
( 84) Ibid
( 85) Read,s own report is in ORN 2:655-857. A good modern account is in Owsley Florida 88-91.
( 86) Ibid. Jewett's account is in ORN 2:322-325. Lt. Merryman's account is in ORN 2:325. Note that Dufour Nine Men spells Merryman's name incorrectly whe writing of the early Boston Steamer.
( 87) "The Cruise of the Clarence-Tacony-Archer. By an Officer of the United States Navy, with Addenda by an Officer of the Three Vessels". Maryland Historical Magazine. March, 1915. This is almost absolutely certainly by Eugene Browne - se discussion of this point in "Notes on sources" that follows the text.
( 88) ORN 2:323
( 89) Read's report is in ORN 2655-657. He states that he was "Mortified to find that all projectiles for that gun were expended" but says nothing of a shot locker. {browne} Cruise states, p52, that "shot and shell were anchored in the channed [sic] covered by a tarpaulin". As the cuter was burnt, no examination of her was possible after her capture. All statements that the locker was full come from people not on board the Caleb Cushing at any time. It seems incredible that twenty desperate sailors could not find a container which would have been large but placed somewhere convenient and safe. Browne's account is more likely, and supported by telling detail.
( 90) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
( 91) ORN 2: 654-655
( 92) Richmond Dispatch 2 July, 1862
( 93) The Index 16 July, 1862
( 94) ORN 2:653. Maffitt abandoned a planned raid against the coast on learning of the hornets nest that Read had stirred up from captured Northern newspapers. One must wonder about the effect on the blockade had he struck some of the weak vessels Welles had sent out after Tacony. Owsley Florida 160 states "In spite of his determination to hold the blockade at all costs, even Welles was compelled to relent to a degree during the coastal raids of the Florida and Tacony, and some ships were actually taken off blockade duty and sent after the raiders. No doubt Maffitt wanted to record his reason for breaking off his raid - and shed responsibility.
( 95) A Privateer, Jeff Davis had caused somea larm in the North in 1861, but was soon captured.
( 96) ORN 10: 801-802
( 97) Still, Iron Afloat 5.
( 98) Owsley, Florida 91
( 99) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
(100) [Obituary] Daily Picayune 26 january, 1890
(101) Morgan, Boatswain 57-60
(102) Thomas T. Moebs, Confederate Navy Research Guide. (Williamsburg, Va.: Moebs Pub. Co., 1991) 185 & 268
(103) See letter from R.D.Minor in ORN 9:806
(104) ORN 10: 805
(105) Ibid 11:382-383
(106) Otherwise know as Virginia II, this was a successor to the Merrimack/Virginia which was scuttled in 1862
(107) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889: ORN 11: 797
(108) ORN 11:798
(109) Read,s account of this action is reproduced in Scharf, Confederate States Navy 740. For identification of Pilot Wood, see Read's report, ORN 11:683.
(110) ORN 11:798
(111) Freeman W. Jones, "A daring Expedition" in George S. Bernard, War Talks of Confederate Veterans. (Petersburg: 1862)
(112) Ibid 233
(113) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
(114) W.F. Shippey, "A Leaf from my Log-book" in Southern Historical Society Papers 12 (1884). Morgan, Boatswain 63 has a story that an incident with Confederate Cavalry on the return journey led to Read beingchallenged to a duel, and accepting, before "authorities" quelled the matter. No confirmation has been found . . . . .
(115) Shippey, "Leaf" 419
(116) Scharf, Confederate States Navy. 365. This is still probably the best account of the incident, although a number of authors have tried! Moebs, Confederate Navy contains "Scharf Footnote Biographies". A biography of Lt. Arthur Wharton, CSN., states that he, a former commander of the Webb suggested to Mallory that she broke out. This does not necessarily contradict Read - any unused powerful Confederate warship would have been of interest to any able Confederate Naval Officer, and most could have made interesting suggestions for employing Webb. By 1865, the Confederacy was so short of active ships that the Webb was bound to be used somehow, and Read's effort came so near success that one hasd to accept that he was committed to the idea. See Moebs, Confederate Navy 296
(117) ORN 22:156
(118) Ibid 22:165
(119) Daily Picayune 14 November, 1889
ORN Ser 2, 2:798 has a letter from Stephen Mallory to James Bulloch
in London stating that "Lieutenant Commanding Charles W. read, C.S. Navy
is authorised to draw upon you for funds upon his cruise, at 60 days after
sight, to the extent of £10,000". Some people, including
Charles Dufour, have taken this to suggest that the Webb was to
go to England. In fact, it is merely an error in the Richmond
War Department. The money was for Lt. E. G. Read, of the C.S.S.
Stonewall. The Webb was to go to Havana and return
via Galveston. The error has been compounded by the indexing
of James Bulloch's The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe.
(London: R. Bentley & Son, 1883: New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959)
456. Read,s report to Mallory, before the voyage began, ORN
22: 169 shows that Billups was with Read AGAIN!
(120) ORN 22:153-154
(121) Shelby Foote, The Civil War, vol. 3, Red River to Appomattox ([USA: 1958]: London: Plimlico, 1992) 1026. As usual, foote gives no source, but I have seen this matter hinted at in other general works not at hand. For Pinkerton's report - and description of Read, see ORN 22:153-154.
(122) Daily Picayune 26 January, 1890
(123) Morgan, Boatswain, 68-71.
(124) Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. 2 vols., (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1881)
(125) Davis, Papers. 6:656-657
(126) Morgan, Boatswain. This could be true, but Morgan is so erratic . . . .
(127) "A Daring Rebel Officer" New York Times 26 January, 1890
(128) Daily Picayune 26 January, 1890
(129) Read was recalled in George Dewey, Autobiography of
George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy. (Westfield, Mass.:
Dewey Pub. Co., 1898. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916)
as "Savey" Read, and for "A career up and down our coast worthy of the
days of Drake". 75.
In New Orleans he was "The Hero of the Webb". Daily Picayune
26 January, 1890.
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