Rhine

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 height="100%"><tr> <td valign="top" width=200 BGCOLOR="#003333" TEXT="#F7F7FF" background="040d4c00dduajq.gif"> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="95" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 46 WIDTH="91"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="91" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> About Us</div> </td> <td valign="top" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#003333" FACE="Arial" ><B>TOUCHARD: One Name Study</B></FONT>     |     <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="TOUCHARD: One Name Study"><U>home</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id17.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="About Us"><U>About Us</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Me"><U>Contact Me</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Huguenots"><U>Huguenots</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id27.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="England"><U>England</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id28.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="France"><U>France</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id34.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bethnal Green"><U>Bethnal Green</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id35.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="BethnalGreen1851"><U>BethnalGreen1851</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id36.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="BriansBranches"><U>Brian'sBranches</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id37.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Canada"><U>Canada</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id38.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="LondonChurches"><U>LondonChurches</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id39.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="EnglishTouchards"><U>EnglishTouchards</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id40.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Fiction"><U>Fiction</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id41.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Ireland"><U>Ireland</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id42.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Lace"><U>Lace</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="London"><U>London</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id44.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="LondonHuguenots"><U>LondonHuguenots</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tours"><U>Tours</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id56.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tushaws"><U>Tushaws</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id57.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="UKTouchards"><U>UKTouchards</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id46.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Me"><U>Me</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id47.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NorthAmerica"><U>NorthAmerica</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id48.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Olives Tree"><U>Olive's Tree</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id49.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="PamsPods"><U>Pam'sPods</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id50.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Paris"><U>Paris</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id51.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="PrintTrade"><U>PrintTrade</U></A>   |   <B>Rhine</B>   |   <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Shoreditch"><U>Shoreditch</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id54.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Silkweaving"><U>Silkweaving</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id55.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="TessasTwigs"><U>Tessa'sTwigs</U></A></div> <div> Rhine</div> <bR> <div> <U>The Troestler Family - Rhine</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U>Geography of the Rhine Valley</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U>Tourism in the Rhine Valley</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> There are paintings found in caves (there were no permanent shelters) in France and Spain believed to having origins from over 15,000 years ago. The end of the so-called Paleolithic Age occurred perhaps 12,000 years ago after the ice sheet that covered Europe and Asia melted and made room for forests and deserts. Its passage thus marked the end of the Ice Age as well. </div> <div> The transition from paleolithic times to the Neolithic Age occurred when people went beyond the mere gathering of food to its actual production, from hunting and fishing to agriculture. With this fundamental change, a revolution occurred in which the passive attitude of people toward nature turned into an active one. Here nomadic wandering for food came slowly to an end. Fishermen and hunters were in large part replaced by simple farmers. Such farmers, remaining in one place as long as the soil stayed fertile, began to build more permanent dwellings. Villages emerged as protection against the climate and against predatory enemies. Many such neolithic settlements have been excavated with remains showing how gradually elementary crafts such as pottery, carpentry, and weaving developed. Bread was baked, beer was brewed, and in late Neolithic times copper and bronze were smelted. Inventions appeared, notably the potter’s wheel and the wagon wheel. Boats and shelters were improved. All these remarkable innovations occurred only within limited areas and did not spread to other locales. </div> <div> Kingdom of the Franks the Chrisitian Church helped preserve Roman traditions in Germanic kingdoms Clovis became ‘Catholic’v. other Christian kings who were Arians (256-336) or heretics Clovis (c. 466-511) died, his lands were divided among four sons. Family ruled until 751. </div> <div> Invasion by the Muslims </div> <div> Muslims in Spain, going into France until Charles Martel (688-741) stop 732 near Tours battle of Tours stopped spread of Islam into Western Europe>turning point in history </div> <div> (written Arabic has 3 vowels, a, i, u; Muhammad, not Mohammed; Muslim, not Moslem; has 28 consonant but no consonant c, so holiest city in Islam is Makka, not Mecca) </div> <div> for centuries, Muslims ruled Spain, Sicily, and parts of southern Italy </div> <div> The Age of Charlemagne </div> <div> Charles Martel founded Carolingian dynasty. Son Pepin the Short (715-768) ruled 751>Charlemagne (742-814) 72 years King of Franks (768>) Holy Roman Emperor (800>) </div> <div> Charles I was able general who conquered an empire that reunited a lot of Western R.E. he defeated Lombards in Italy (south), Muslims in Italy (north), the Avars (east) </div> <div> royal officials were called missi dominici or lord’s messengers Charles helped establish uniform laws and appointed local judges to uphold the laws he supported efforts of church to set parishes or rural districts, each with own priest he required all Christians to pay a tithe, or one tenth of their income to Church. </div> <div> Charles invited scholars to his court. the monk Alcuin (c.735-804) set up a palace school. Charles could read but not write !Assurbanipal (668-626 BC) could read & write! </div> <div> Monks made copies of Bible and surviving Greek and Roman texts. Developed art of illumination - decorating the first letter of a paragraph and margins with brilliant design Monks invented Carolingian minuscle-capitals and lower case. Romans used only capsin 843 Charles’ grandsons had Treaty of Verdun to split empire into three kingdoms Invaders: Magyars (Hungarians), Slavs, Muslims, Vikings (Normandy=men from north) </div> <div> To appreciate this early Norman surname protocol the primogeniture must be understood. It is the foundation of most locative names in Britain. During the lifetime of the father it was very uncommon for any family member to also use that same surname. The chief paternal domain name could not be used except where, unusually, it was used in both Normandy and England, but even on this rare occasion it was customary to append a I, II or III to the son's surname in England to differentiate from the parent in Normandy. On the father's death the eldest son would inherit all, including the right to the surname both in England and Normandy or Brittany. The younger sons usually adopted the locative surnames of their own new domain On the eldest son's death, the rights went to his sons, unless childless, in which case it went to the next youngest son of the father, and he changed his surname from the locative name which he had used for part of his life. Nor were locative surnames taken lightly. These would be as important, legally, as the knight's seal, and became his domain name. They were charter proof of entitlement to his holding, his new domain. Most younger sons would never get to use the family surname. Fitz names, prefixing the font name, were believed to be a sign of bastardy, or, in those days known as 'natural' sons. However, a more plausible explanation, might be that of a younger son who did not hold a domain, and could not use his father's surname until after the father's death. Hence, Fitz became a temporary surname, which sometimes held in its own right. To say that this Norman suname protocol and system was incestuous would be to put it mildly. Holdings and control were kept in a tight family circle. Keep it in the family. Of the 25Surety Barons signing the Magna Carta in 1215, 130 years later, 22 were still interrelated by blood or marriage. </div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>