Herbal Encyclopedia - C

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2" width=210 BGCOLOR="#9999FF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="03f76ba3.gif"> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04076bc1egdyqn.gif"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>Wicca</B></FONT><B>   |   </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Wicca"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Before You Cast"><U>Before You Cast</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id17.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Banishing Spells"><U>Banishing Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bath Spells"><U>Bath Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Blessing Spells"><U>Blessing Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Breaking Spells"><U>Breaking Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Candle Spells"><U>Candle Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id24.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cleansing Spells"><U>Cleansing Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id25.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Dream Spells"><U>Dream Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id33.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Emotion Spells"><U>Emotion Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id26.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Employment Spells"><U>Employment Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id44.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Energy Spells"><U>Energy Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Fertility Spells"><U>Fertility Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id46.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Friendship Spells"><U>Friendship Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id47.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Invisibility/Levitation Spells"><U>Invisibility/Levitation Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id48.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Glamour Spells"><U>Glamour Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id49.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Habit Spells"><U>Habit Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id50.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Healing Spells"><U>Healing Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id51.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herb Spells"><U>Herb Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id52.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="House Spells"><U>House Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id53.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Incense Spells"><U>Incense Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id80.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jar/Bottle Spells"><U>Jar/Bottle Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id81.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Justice Spells"><U>Justice Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id79.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Lost Thing Spells"><U>Lost Thing Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id82.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Love Spells"><U>Love Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id83.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Love Leave Spells"><U>Love Leave Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id84.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Luck Spells"><U>Luck Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id85.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Money Spells"><U>Money Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id86.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Moon Spells"><U>Moon Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id87.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Object Spells"><U>Object Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id88.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Oil/Ointment Spells"><U>Oil/Ointment Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id89.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Peace Spells"><U>Peace Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id90.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Poppet Spells"><U>Poppet Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id91.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Potion Spells"><U>Potion Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id92.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Protection Spells"><U>Protection Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id93.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Reverse Spells"><U>Reverse Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id94.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Spirit Spells"><U>Spirit Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id95.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Stone/Gem Spells"><U>Stone/Gem Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id96.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Strength Spells"><U>Strength Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id97.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Tool Spells"><U>Tool Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id98.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Truth Spells"><U>Truth Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id99.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Weather Spells"><U>Weather Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id100.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Wish Spells"><U>Wish Spells</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id101.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia A"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - A</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id102.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia B"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - B</U></A>   |   <B>Herbal Encyclopedia - C</B>   |   <A HREF="id104.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia D"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - D</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id105.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia E"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - E</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id106.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia F"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - F</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id107.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia G"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - G</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id108.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia H"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - H</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id109.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia I"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - I</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id110.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia J"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - J</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id111.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia K"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - K</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id112.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia L"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - L</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id113.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia M"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - M</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id114.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia N"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - N</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id115.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia O"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - O</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id116.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia P"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - P</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id117.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia Q"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - Q</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id118.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia R"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - R</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id119.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia S"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - S</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id120.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia T"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - T</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id121.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia U"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - U</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id122.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia V"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - V</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id123.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia W"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - W</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id124.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia X"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - X</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id125.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia Y"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - Y</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id126.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Encyclopedia Z"><U>Herbal Encyclopedia - Z</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id127.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Herbal Crafts"><U>Herbal Crafts</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=390 colspan=2 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04076ba3.gif"> <div> Herbal Encyclopedia - C</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="http://www.thehungersite.com" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.thehungersite.com"><U><IMG SRC="0c55f1c0.gif" border=0 width="95" height="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> Get a good dose of good karma. Save a life. Click a button.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="0d1d4e50.gif" border=0 width="212" height="229" ALT="Bitmap Image" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Herbs & Oils</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>~ C ~</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div>  <A NAME="c"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <B><U>CAMPHOR</U></B>: <I>(Cinnamomum camphora)</I> This white, intensely scented, crystalline substance is distilled from a tree native to China and Japan. The essential oil is steam-distilled from wood, rootstumps, and branches. For many years true camphor wasn't sold in the U.S. All "camphor blocks" and mothballs were made of synthetic camphor which is extremely poisonous. </div> <div> Both the leaf and crystallized extract are used for wet lung conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. Camphor is useful in depression, exhaustion, and stomach cramps and to improve circulation. Use about two teaspoons of leaf per cup of water and steep for twenty minutes. Take one-fourth cup four times a day. Alternatively, use one teaspoon of the crystallized extract per two cups of water. Take it in one-teaspoon doses four times a day. The tincture is also available and is used in doses of five to ten drops four times a day. Campohor is incorporated into salves for external use to kill parasites and treat ringworm, scabies, and itch. The oil open the lungs, making breathing easier, and helps with muscular and joint pain, arthritis, and bruises (<I>not</I> for open wounds). The salve functions as a "smelling salt," and the herb has been used internally to revive those in coma or delirium. Camphor can be burned to purify the air or inhaled to open lung passages.</div> <div> <B>Caution:</B> <I>Do not use this herb if you are pregnant or if you are very weak and debilitated. Only natural plant extracts should be used, as chemical camphor is contaminated with industrial poisons.</I></div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Crystallized extract and leaf</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I>: (Solid Form) Camphor is added in small amounts to Lunar and chastity type mixtures, (Eucalyptus or Lavender oil may be substituted). Divination; Prophetic Dreams; Psychic Awareness. Burn in the home to purify the air and to dispel disease.</div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses</U></I>: Coughs; Colds; Fevers; Rheumatism; Arthritis. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CARAWAY</U></B>: <I>(Carum carvi)</I> Caraway is a hardy biennial with finely cut feathery leaves, umbels of small flower heads in midsummer and capsules containing two curved narrow seeds. The seeds are a popular spice, especially in Central Europe. They enhance port, goulash, sauerkraut, cheese, and pickles and are added to cooking cabbage to reduce the smelll. They flavor brads and cakes and are eaten raw or sugar-coated as Caraway comfits after a spicey meal. They sweeten the breath, aid digestion, and relieve flatulence. Chopped leaves are added to soups and salads, and the root is cooked as a vegetable. Essential oil, distillled from the seeds, flavors gin, candy, the liqueur <I>Kümel</I>, and mouthwashes, and scents soaps, and aftershaves. The seeds are antiseptic and a vermifuge. Caraway seeds have been used in cooking since the Stone Age.</div> <div> The powdered seeds are taken in doses of one-fourth to one teaspoon to promote digestion and relieve gas. Caraway tea also relieves menstrual cramps, as it helps to bring on the menstruation. Caraway increases breast mile. To make the tea, steem three teaspoons of the ground seeds in one-half cup of water for twenty minutes (use a kitchen blender to lightly crush the seed). Take up to one and a half cups a day in one-fourth cupdoses, or simply chew the seeds. One to four drops of the essential oil may be taken as a digestive aid. For colicky babies, soak one ounce of the ground seed in a pint of cold water for about six hours. The dose is from one to three teaspoons of the ifusion, or boil three teasoons of seed in one-half cup of milk for a few minutes, then steep for ten minutes. The powdered seeds are moistened to make a poultice for bruises and earaches.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Seed, leaf, root and essential oil</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I>: Caraway is often added to love potions to keep lovers from being unfaithful. The seeds are placed in poppets and used in spells to fing one's mate. They are said to inspire lust when baked into cakes or breads. Put some in your wedding cake, or use it instead of rice to throw at the bride and groom. Pigeons are very fond of it too!</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CARDAMOM</U></B>: <I>(Elettario cardamomum)</I> This perennial bears violet-striped white flowers and aromatic green fruits on erect or trailing racemes. The seed pods are an expensive spice, sold as whole green, bleached, or sun-dried cardamom. The seeds are digestive, stimulant, and antispasmodic, and rhizome is given for fatigue and fever. The essential oil from almost-ripe fruits is used in liqueurs and perfumes. Cardamom seeds are a symbol of hospitality.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Seed</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I>: Deliciously spicy, cardamon essential oil brings a nice jolt of energy to live and sexually oriented formulas. Burn for love spells or use in love sachets. The ground seeds are added to warmed wine for a quick lust potion. They are also baked into apple pies for a wonderful amatory pastry.</div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses</U></I>: Nausea; Coughs; Headaches; Aches; as a Digestive and Tonic; Dyspepsia; Mental Fatigue; Nervous Strain; Halitosis; Anorexia; Colic. Key Qualities: Cephalic; Aphrodisiac; Warming; Comforting; Refreshing; Uplifting; Penetrating; Soothing. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CARNATION</U></B>: <I>(Dianthus caryophyllus)</I> Also called Pink , Clove Pink or Gilly Flower. This short lived perennial has blue-green grasslike foliage and spicy, fragrant long-lasting flowers in the summer. This "Flower of Divinity" and symbol of betrothal, woven into garlands is the parent of cultivated carnations, although is seldom available in its true for. Fortunately, the petals of any clove-scented Pink, with the bitter white heel removed, can be added to fruit dishes, sandwiches, soups, and sauces, or used to make floral syrup, vinegar, liqueur, or wine. This was Chaucer's "sops in wine" and is still enjoyed as a nerve tonic today. The strong-sweet spicy scent is used in soaps and perfumes. Worn during Elizabethan times to prevent coming to an untimely death on the scaffold.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Flower petals</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Altar offering for the Goddess; Anointing; Protection; Strength; Health and Healing; Energy; Power; Magical Power; Blessing; Consecration. Can be used in all purpose protective spells.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CATNIP</U></B>: <I>(Nepeta Catoria)</I> A Druid sacred herb. The root and leaf scent, minty with cat pheromone overtones, intoxicates cats and repels rats and flea beetles. The tender leaves are added to salads and flavor meat. They can also be brewed as tea and were used before China tea was imported. The leaves and flowering tops treat colds, calm upset stomachs, reduce fevers, and soothe headaches and scalp irritations. When smoked, leaves give mild euphoria with no harmful effects.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Leaf</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Chewed by warriors for fierceness in battle. Large dried leaves are powerful markers for magic books. Give it to your cat to create a psychic bond. Used in spells to promote beauty; happiness; love. Use in all Cat Magic Spells.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CASSIA</U></B>: <I>(Cinnamomum aromaticum </I>var.<I> cassia)</I> This is the highest grade of Cinnamon. See Cinnamon.</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Purification</div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> See cinnamon</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CEDARWOOD</U></B>: <I>(Cedrus libani or Cedrus spp.)</I> A Druid sacred herb. Also known as Cedar, Tree of Life, Arbor Vitae (<I>Thuja occidentalis</I>) or Yellow Cedar (<I>T. occidentalis</I>). Ancient Celts on the mainland used cedar oil to preserve the heads of enemies taken in battle. The wood of the Atlas Cedar subspecies is distilled to produce the essential oil. </div> <div> Yellow cedar is used by herbalists to trat bloody cough and heart weakness. Simmer two teaspoons per cup for twenty minutes and take it ccold in one-tablespoon doses, three to six times a day. It is used internally and externally as an antifungal (the dry powder is excellent for Athlete's foot).</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Twig and leaf</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Cedar smoke purifies the home. Use it in smudge sticks, incense and sweat lodges. The scent is said to enhance psychic powers. I use it in a simmering pot which smells much better than the burning herb, it makes the whole house smell clean and sweet. Use for: Purification; Health and Healing; Luck; Good Fortune; Happiness; Banishing; Releasing; Exorcism; Money and Riches; Justice; Protection; Harmony; Peace.</div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> Bronchitis; Catarrh; Acne; Arthritis; as a Diuretic; Sedative; Antiseborrhoeic.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CHAMOMILE</U></B>: <I>(Chamaemelum nobile </I>or <I>Anthemis nobilis)</I> Also called Roman chamomile, English chamomile, Perennial Chamomile, Wild Chamomile, and Ground Apple. A Druid Sacred Herb, this aromatic evergreen has feathery, apple-scented leaves and white flowers with conical golden centers. The flowers make a digestive, soothing and sedative tea, which is used for soothing restless children, helps prevent nightmares and insomnia, and suppresses nausea. The flower compounds have shown anti-tumor activity in laboratory tests. In the garden it is a "physician plant" reviving nearby ailing plants. The essential oil is a beautiful blue color turning yellow as it ages.</div> <div> This herb has an affinity for the solar plexus area of the human body. Colic, upset stomachs, and fevers are benefitted by the tea of the fresh or dried flower. Use two tablespoons per cup, steep for twenty minutes, and take a quarter cup four times a day. Women with menstrual cramps can try adding a few thin slices of fresh ginger root to the tea. Chamomile is an antibacterial. Sores, wonds, itches, and rashes respond to external applications. Use the tea as a wash or add the herb to salves and poultices. The oil is rubbed into swollen joints. Chamomile calms the nerves and brings on sleep. Use it in baths and gargles. Add the tea to a vaporizer to help asthmatic children. The classic tea for cranky, teething babies, it is given in the bottle or through a mother's breast milk.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Flower</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Yellow chamomile brings the power of the sun to love potions, money spells and rites of purification. Use in incense for the God. When sprinkled around the house it removes hexes, curses and spells. It can be burned or added to prosperity bags to increase money. Use for: Love; Luck; Fortune; Justice; Prosperity; Purification; Meditation; Rest. </div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> Nerves; Migraine; Acne; Inflammation; Insomnia; Menstrual Problems; Dermatitis; Analgesic; Tension Headache; Stress. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CHERRY</U></B>: <I>(Prunus serotina)</I> A Druid sacred tree, chips of the wood or bark were burned at Celtic festivals especially Sabbats. Also known as Black Cherry, Wild Cherry or Chokecherry (P. virginiana). Chokecherry bark tea is used to clear the throats of singers and public speakers, the powdered berries were once used to improve the appetite. If you've never tried chokecherry jelly, you've missed a real treat. <B>CAUTION:</B><I>The stone is poisonous.</I></div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Fruit, bark and wood</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> (Wood and Fruit Juice) Creativity; Healing; Long been used to attract Love; Cherry juice is used as a substitute for blood in old recipes. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CINNAMON</U></B>: <I>(Cinnamomum verum </I>or<I> zeylanicum)</I> A tropical evergreen tree up to 50 feet tall. Cinnamon sticks are quills from the inner bark and the essential oil is distilled by water or steam from the leaves and twigs. </div> <bR> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Bark</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> (Herb and Oil) Meditation; Defense; Creative Work; Divination; Energy; Power; Protection; Success; Astral Projection; Health and Healing; Love Lust; Money and Riches; Purification. </div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> (Oil)Lice; Scabies; Wasp Stings; Poor Circulation; Childbirth (stimulates contractions); Anorexia; Colitis; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Intestinal Infection; Sluggish Digestion; Spasm; Flu; Rheumatism; Warts; Coughs; Colds; Viral Infections; Frigidity; Infectious Disease; Stress Related Conditions; Tooth and Gum Care; Nervous Exhaustion. Key Qualities: Warming; Reviving, Tonic; Strengthening; Aphrodisiac; Restorative; Uplifting. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CINQUEFOIL</U></B>: <I>(Pontentilla reptans)</I> Also called Five Fingered Grass, Creeping cinquefoil, and Five Leaved Grass. The rootstock was cooked as a vegetable by the Celts and Native Americans. Applied to sore areas, the fresh plant relieves pain. A root decoction is used in anti-wrinkle creams. A wash reduces skin redness, freckles, and sunburn. </div> <div> The powdered root and leaf are used to stop internal hemorrhaging. The powder also makes an astringent for mouth sores and treats diarrhea. Taken with honey, it relieves sore throats, coughs, and fever. Take one-quarter to one-half teaspoon at a time, or twenty to forty drops of the tincture. The leaves can be steeped using two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes, or one ounce of the root can be simmered in one and a half cups of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup four times a day. </div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Root and leaf</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I> Use the infusion in ritual baths and for purification rites. Cinquefoil bestows eloquence and protection to the wearer; bring it to court. Love, powerm wisdom, health, and abundance are symbolized by its five petals. Prick a hole in an egg, drain it and fill it with cinquefoil. Tape the egg shut, and your home and property are protected. Bathe in the infusion every seven days to ward off evil influences. Prosperity, Protection; Defense; Purification; Anointing; Divination Dreams; Energy; Strength; Luck; Fortune; Justice; Healing; Inspiration; Wisdom; Love;. Hang at the door for protection. Add to purificatory bath sachets. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CLOVE</U></B>: <I>(Syzgium aromaticum)</I> Cloves are the sun-dried unopened flower buds of a dense evergreen tree, they have a strong spiciness that flavors foods and prevents nausea. The flowers are used to soothe aching eyes. Clove oil, from the distillation of leaves and flower buds, is an antiseptic numbing agent for toothache and indigestion. It is added to cosmetics, perfumes, and cigarettes. There are now Clove-based anesthetics.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Leaf and flower bud</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I>: Use for: Divination; Love; Lust; Banishing; Releasing; Inspiration; Wisdom. Burn for Wealth; Purification; to ward negative thoughts; or to stop others from gossiping about you. </div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> Nausea; Flatulence; Asthma; Bronchitis; Arthritis; Rheumatism; Toothache; Diarrhea; Infections; as an Analgesic and Antiseptic; Insect Repellent (Mosquitoes). Key Qualities: Tonic; Stimulating; Revitalizing; Aphrodisiac; Warming; Comforting; Purifying; Active. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CLUB MOSS</U></B>: <I>(Lycopodium selago or clavatum)</I> Also called Selago, Foxtail, Lycopod, Vegetable Sulpher, Wolf Claw or Stag's Horn Moss. This toxic, evergreen, mosslike herb has trailing stems, upright branches and developing cones encasing the ripe spores. The spores were once used for gastric and urinary disorders, as an antispasmodic sedative and to coat pills. Blackfoot Indians knew of the spores' blood-stanching, wound-healing and moisture-absorbing properties and inhaled them for nosebleeds and dusted them on cuts. They are still used on wounds and ecxzema. The spores are explosive when set alight, and used to create theatrical lightening and added to fireworks. Magicians once used them to create "lightening flashes" and other pyrotechnics as needed. These effects were originally intended as a form of sympathetic magic -of evocation by emulation - not simply (or deceptively) as stage effects.</div> <div> The club mosses are found in North America, northern Europe, Asia, and the southern hemisphere. The plants are several inches in height and resemble moss. They creep by means of prostrate stems, which branch upward at intervals, with crowded, linear, simple leaves. Large two valved spore cases product the medicinally active spores. </div> <div> While the whole plant was used by the ancients as a cathartic, the spores were used as a diuretic in edema, a drastic (a forceful agen of cure) in diarrhea and dysentery, a nervine for rabies and spasms, a mild laxative in cases of gout and scurvy, and a corroborant (strengthening agent) for rheumatism. The dose is ten to sixty grains of the spores. </div> <div> The spores also make a dusting powder for skin diseases and diaper rash. </div> <div> <B>CAUTION:</B><I> Selago can be an active narcotic poison when overused.</I> For this reason it is probably better to use only the spores, which are non-toxic. The whole plant can be used externally, however, as a counterirritant - made into a poultice, it will keep blisters open and kill lice. </div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Above-ground portions of the herb, and spores.</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I>: Druids respected the plant to sucha degree that it was gathered only under strict ritual guidlelines. One of the Ovates would dress in white, bathe both feet in free-running water and offer a sacrifice of bread and spirits, and then with white robe wrapped around the right hand, using a brass hook, would dig up the plant by the roots. When properly gathered, the herb becomes a charm of power and protection. Wear it, add it to incense, adn use it to commune with the Gods and Goddesses.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>COMFREY</U></B>: <I>(Symphytum officonale)</I> Also known as Slippery Root, Knitbone or Blackwort. Teas, tinctures and compresses of comfrey roots or leaves speed healing of cuts, rashes, and broken bones. </div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Root and leaf</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses</U></I> Root or leaves for healing. Carry for safe travel. To ensure the safety of your luggage while traveling, tuck a piece of the root into each of your bags. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>COPAL</U></B>: <I>(Bursera odorata)</I> Copal is a white, pale yellow or yellowish-orange gum resin. When smoldered on charcoal it produces a rich, delicious, piney-lemony fragrance. Copal is North America's equivalent of Frankincense. While it lacks some of frankincense's bittersweet odor, it is a fine substitute. When frankincense if left smoldering on charcoal for some time it eventually emits a very bitter scent. Copal, however, never varies as it burns. It is native to Mexico and Central America, and has been used as incense in religious and magical ceremonies for untold hundreds of years, beginning, perhaps, with the Mayans or even prior to the days of that fables people.</div> <div> The finest copal is a pale to dark yellow color with an intense resinous-citrus odor. It is usually sold in chunks and may contain leaf fragments.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Resin</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Burn for protection; cleansing; purification; to promote spirituality; and to purify quartz crystals and other stones before use in magic. May be substituted for Frankincense. A piece of copal may be used as the heart in poppets. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CORIANDER</U></B>: <I>(Coriandrum sativum)</I> The whole of this annual is pungently aromatic. The seed is a mild sedative, aids digestion, reduces flatulence, and eases migraines. The spicy essential oil, distilled from the seeds, is used in perfumes and incense, flavors medicines and toothpaste, and is added to massage oil for facial neuralgia and cramps.</div> <div> The seeds are strangthening to the urinary system. The leaf and seed are infused to treat bladder infections. The tea helps with stomach problems such as gas and indigestion. Steep two teaspoons of the dried seed per cup of boiled water fro twenty minuts, and take up to one cup a day. The powdered seed and the oil are used to flavor other herbal prepartations and to ease griping in laxative formulas. Use one-fourth to one-half teaspoon at a time. Coriander is a common ingredient of Indial curries. </div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Seed and leaf</div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Coriander oil works well in love and healing mixtures. The seeds are used for healing, especially easing headaches and are worn for this purpose. Add the powdered seeds to warm wine to make an effective lust potion. Put some in the chalice for a handfasting ritual. </div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> Eating Disorders; Colic; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Measles; Migraine; Neuralgia; General Infections; Indigestion; Influenza, Fatigue; Rheumatism; Flatulence; Nervousness; as an Analgesic, Stimulant, Aphrodisiac. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac; Stimulating; Soporific (In excess); Refreshing; Warming; Comforitng; Revitalizing; Strengthening; Purifying; Soothing; Active. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>CYPRESS</U></B>: <I>(Cupressus sempervirens)</I> This tall evergreen tree has gray-brown bark, and tiny, dark green leaves. It bears yellowish male cones and green female cones, which ripen to brown. Cypress Oil, distilled from the leaves, branches, and cones, has a refreshing, camphor-resinous scent.</div> <div> <I><U>Parts Used</U></I>: Leaf, twigs, fruit, bark, wood, resin and essential oil. </div> <div> <I><U>Magical Uses:</U></I> Burn for Happiness; Harmony; Peace; Inspiration; Binding; Wisdom; Releasing; Defense; Longevity. Cypress Oil is used for Blessing; Consecration, and protection. The unique scent stimulates healing and eases the pain of losses of all kind.</div> <div> <I><U>Aromatherapy Uses:</U></I> Skin Care; Perspiration; Wounds; bruises; Hemorrhoids, Varicose Veins; Cellulitis; Muscular Cramps; Edema; Poor Circulation; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Spasmodic Coughing; Dysmenorrhea,; Menopausal Problems; Nervous Tension; Stress-related Conditions; Treats inflamed/bleeding gums; Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Refreshing; Purifying; Relaxing; Warming; Reviving; Restorative; Comforting; Protective; Soothing. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> Culpeper/Grieve</div> <bR> <div> Cabbage Tree</div> <div> POISON!<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> Botanical: Andira inermis </div> <div> Family: N.O. Leguminosae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dosages<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Antidote<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Other Species<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Vouacapoua inermis. Bastard Cabbage Tree. Worm Bark. Yellow Cabbage Tree. Jamaica Cabbage Tree. </div> <div> ---Part Used---Bark. </div> <div> ---Habitat---Jamaica and other West Indian Islands. Senegambi. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---A leguminous tree, growing very tall and branching towards the top called Cabbage Tree because it forms a head in growing; it has a smooth grey bark which, cut into long pieces, is the part utilized for medicine. It is thick, fibrous, scaly, and of an ashy brownish colour externally, covered with lichens - the inside bark is yellow and contains a bitter sweet mucilage, with an unpleasant smell. In Europe the bark of another species, Avouacouapa retusa, has been utilized. It grows in Surinam, is a more powerful vermifuge than Vouacapoua inermus and does not as a rule produce such injurious after-effects. In the dried state it is without odour, but has a very bitter taste; when powdered it has the colour of cinnamon. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---Jamaicine-Andirin aglucoside, an inodorous, bitter, acrid resin. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---Narcotic vermifuge. Cabbage Tree bark used in large doses may cause vomiting, fever and delirium, especially if cold water is drunk just before or after taking it. In the West Indies it is largely employed as a vermifuge to expel worm - ascaris lumbrecoides - but if used incautiously death has been known to occur. The powder purges like jalap. </div> <div>  <A NAME="dos"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Dosages---Usually given in decoction, though the powder, syrup and extract are all used. Dose of powder, 20 to 30 grains. Fluid extract, 1/4 to 1 drachm. </div> <div>  <A NAME="ant"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Antidote---Lime-juice or Castor oil. </div> <div>  <A NAME="oth"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Other Species---Andira retusa, a Brazilian species, has purple flowers, the odour of oranges and a slight aroma. The fruit is said to smell like tonka beans. </div> <bR> <div> Cacao</div> <div> Botanical: Theobroma cacao (LINN.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Sterculiaceae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description and History<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dosage<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Cocoa. Chocolate Tree. </div> <div> ---Part Used---The seeds. </div> <div> ---Habitat---Topical America. Cultivated in Ceylon. Java. etc. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description and History---Cacao was named Theobroma by Linnaeus, the word meaning 'food of the gods,' so called from the goodness of its seeds. Mexicans named the pounded seeds 'Chocolate.' The tree is handsome, 12 to 16 feet high; trunk about 5 feet long; wood light and white coloured; bark brown; Ieaves lanceolate, bright green, entire; flowers small reddish, almost odourless; fruit yellowy red, smooth; rind fleshcoloured; pulp white; when seeds are ripe they rattle in the capsule when shaken; each capsule contains about twenty-five seeds; if separated from the capsule they soon become infertile, but if kept therein they retain their fertility for a long time. The tree bears its leaves, flowers and fruit (like the orange tree) all the year round, but the usual season for gathering the fruit is June and December. In Mexico during the time of the Aztec kings the small seeds were utilized as coins twelve approximating to the value of 1d., the smallest actual coin in use then being worth about 6d. The seeds were necessary for small transactions. The method is still in use in some parts of Mexico. The tree is generally cultivated on large estates under the shade of other trees, such as the banana and develops the pods continuously. When ripe they are cut open and the beans or nuts surrounded by their sweetish acid pulp are allowed to ferment so that they may be more easily separated from the shell. The beans are then usually dried in the sun, though sometimes in a steam drying shed. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---The seeds contain about 2 per cent. of theobromine and 40 to 60 per cent of solid fat. The shells contain about 1 per cent of theobromine, together with mucilage, etc. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---Cocoa is prepared by grinding the beans into a paste between hot rollers and mixing it with sugar and starch, part of the fat being removed. Chocolate is prepared in much the same way, but the fat is retained. Oil of Theobroma or cacao butter is a yellowish white solid, with an odour resembling that of cocoa, taste bland and agreeable; generally extracted by expression. It is used as an ingredient in cosmetic ointments and in pharmacy for coating pills and preparing suppositories. It has excellent emollient properties and is used to soften and protect chapped hands and lips. Theobromine, the alkaloid contained in the beans, resembles caffeine in its action, but its effect on the central nervous system is less powerful. Its action on muscle, the kidneys and the heart is more pronounced. It is used principally for its diuretic effect due to stimulation of the renal epithelium; it is especially useful when there is an accumulation of fluid in the body resulting from cardiac failure, when it is often given with digitalis to relieve dilatation. It is also employed in high blood pressure as it dilates the blood-vessels. It is best administered in powders or cachets. </div> <div>  <A NAME="dos_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Dosage---Theobromine, 5 to 10 grains. </div> <bR> <div> Cactus</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >(Night-Blooming) Cereus</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Cajuput</div> <div> Botanical: Melaleuca leucadendron (LINN.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Myrtaceae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Adulterants<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Cajeput. White Tea Tree. Swamp Tea Tree. White Wood. </div> <div> ---Part Used---The oil. </div> <div> ---Habitat---East Indies, Tropical Australia. Imported from Macassar, Batavia, Singapore, Queensland and N.S. Wales. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---The tree has a long flexible trunk with irregular ascending branches, covered with a pale thick, lamellated bark it is soft and spongy and from time to time throws off its outer layer in flakes; leaves entire, linear, lanceolate, ash colour, alternate on short foot-stalks; flowers sessile, white, on a long spike. The leaves have a very aromatic odour and the oil is distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs, and is volatile and stimulating with an aroma like camphor, rosemary, or cardamom seeds; taste bitter, aromatic and camphoraceous. Traces of copper have been found in it, hence the greenish tint; it should be stored in dark or amber-coloured bottles in a cool place. Cajuput oil is obtained from Melaleuca leucadendron, Roxburgh, and the minor Smith, but several other species of Melaleuca leucadendron are utilized such as M. hypericifolia, M. veridifolia, M. lalifolia, and others. The Australian species M. Decussata and M. Erucifolia are also used. The oil is fluid, clear, inflammable, burns without residue, highly volatile. The trace of copper found may be due to the vessels in which the oil is prepared, but it is doubtless sometimes added in commerce to produce the normal green tinge when other species have been used which do not impart it naturally. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---The principal constituent of oil is cineol, which should average 45 to 55 per cent. Solid terpineol is also present and several aldehydes such as valeric, butyric and benzoic. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, stimulant, antiseptic, anthelmintic. Highly stimulant, producing a sensation of warmth when taken internally, increasing the fullness and rapidity of the pulse and sometimes producing profuse perspiration. Used as a stimulating expectorant in chronic laryngitis and bronchitis, as an antiseptic in cystisis and as an anthelmintic for round worms, also used in chronic rheumatism. Applied externally, it is stimulant and mildly counter-irritant and is usually applied diluted with 2 parts of olive oil or turpentine ointment. Used externally for psoriasis and other skin affections. </div> <div>  <A NAME="adu"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Adulterants---The oils of Rosemary and Turpentine, impregnated with Camphor and coloured, are said to be used. Spirit of Cajeput, B.P., 5 to 20 minims. Oil U S P., 3 to 10 minims. Oil, B.P., 1/2 to 3 minims. </div> <bR> <div> Calabar Bean</div> <div> POISON!<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> Botanical: Physostigma venenosum (EALF.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Leguminosae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Preparation of Dosages<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Poisons and Antidotes<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Ordeal Bean. Chop Nut. </div> <div> ---Part Used---The seeds. </div> <div> ---Habitat---West Africa, Old Calabar. Has been introduced into India and Brazil. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_3"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---The plant came into notice in 1846 and was planted in the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens, where it grew into a strong perennial creeper. It is a great twining climber, pinnately trifoliate leaves, pendulous racemes of purplish bean-like flowers; seeds are two or three together in dark brown pods about 6 inches long and kidney-shaped thick, about 1 inch long, rounded ends, roughish but a little polished, and have a long scar on the edge where adherent to the placenta. The seeds ripen at all seasons, but are best and most abundant during the rainy season in Africa, June till September. The natives of Africa employ the bean as an ordeal owing to its very poisonous qualities. They call it esere, and it is given to an accused person to eat. If the prisoner vomits within half an hour he is accounted innocent, but if he succumbs he is found guilty. A draught of the pounded seeds infused in water is said to have been fatal to a man within an hour. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_3"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---The chief constituent is the alkaloid physostigmine (eserine), with which are calabarines, eseridine, and eseramine. Eseridine is not employed medicinally. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_3"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---Chiefly used for diseases of the eye; it causes rapid contraction of the pupil and disturbed vision.Also used as a stimulant to the unstriped muscles of the intestines in chronic constipation. Its action on the circulation is to slow the pulse and raise blood-pressure; it depresses the central nervous system, causingmuscular weakness; it has been employed internally for its depressant action in epilepsy, cholera, etc., and given hypodermically in acute tetanus. Physostigmine Salicylas is preferred for the preparation of eyedrops. </div> <div>  <A NAME="pre"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Preparation of Doses---Extract of Calabar Bean, B.P.: dose, 1/4 to 1 grain. Extract of Physostigma, U.S.P.: dose, 1/8 grain. Tincture of Calabar Bean, B.P.C.: dose, 5 to 15 minims. Tincture of Physostigma, U.S.P.: dose, 15 minims. Physostigmine Eyedrops, B.P.C. Physostigmine eye ointment, B.P.C. Fluid extract, 1 to 3 drops. </div> <div>  <A NAME="poi"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Poisons and Antidotes---In case of poisoning by the beans the stomach should be evacuated and atropine injected until the pulse quickens. With poisoning by physostigmine the stomach should be washed out with 0.2 per cent of potassium permanganate and atropine and strychnine administered hypodermically. </div> <bR> <div> Calamint</div> <div> Botanical: Calamintha officinalis (MOENCH) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Labiatae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Mill Mountain. Mountain Balm. Basil Thyme. Mountain Mint. </div> <div> ---Part Used---Herb. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_4"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---Calamint belongs to a genus closely related to both the Thymes and to Catnep and Ground Ivy. </div> <div> It is an erect, bushy plant with square stems, rarely more than a foot high, bearing pairs of opposite leaves, which, like the stems, are downy with soft hairs. The flowers bloom in July and August, and are somewhat inconspicuous, drooping gracefully before expansion: the corollas are of a light purple colour. </div> <div> The plant grows by waysides and in hedges, and is not uncommon, especially in dry places. It may be cultivated as a hardy perennial, propagated by seeds sown outdoors in April, by cuttings of side shoots in cold frames in spring, or by division of roots in October and April. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_4"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---It contains a camphoraceous, volatile, stimulating oil in commonwith the other mints. This is distilled by water, but its virtues are better extracted by rectified spirit. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_4"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Actions and Uses---Diaphoretic, expectorant, aromatic. The whole herb has a sweet, aromatic odour and an infusion of the dried leaves, collected about July, when in their best condition and dried in the same way as Catmint tops, makes a pleasant cordial tea, which was formerly much taken for weaknesses of the stomach and flatulent colic. It is useful in hysterical complaints, and a conserve made of the young fresh tops has been used, for this purpose. </div> <div> Culpepper says that it 'is very efficacious in all afflictions of the brain,' that it 'relieves convulsions and cramps, shortness of breath or choleric pains in the stomach or bowels,' and that 'it cures the yellow jaundice.' He also recommends it, taken with salt and honey, for killing worms: </div> <div> 'It relieves those who have the leprosy, taken inwardly, drinking whey after it, or the green herb outwardly applied, and that it taketh away black and blue marks in the face, and maketh black scars become well coloured, if the green herb (not the dry) be boiled in wine and laid to the place or the place washed therewith.' </div> <div> He also considers it 'helpful to them that have a tertian ague,' and beneficial in all disorders of the gall and spleen. </div> <div> Gerard says, 'the seede cureth the infirmities of the hart, taketh away sorrowfulnesse which commeth of melancholie, and maketh a man merrie and glad.' </div> <div> The LESSER CALAMINT (Calamintha nepeta) is a variety of the herb possessing almost superior virtues, with a stronger odour, resembling that of Pennyroyal, and a moderately pungent taste somewhat like Spearmint, but warmer. It is scarcely distinct from C. officinalis, and by some botanists is considered a sub-species. The leaves are more strongly toothed, and it bears its flowers on longer stalks. Both this and the Common Calamint seem to have been used indifferently in the old practice of medicine under the name of Calamint. </div> <div> The name of the genus, Calamintha, is derived from the Greek Kalos (excellent because of the ancient belief in its power to drive away serpents and the dreaded basilisk - the fabled king of the serpents, whose very glance was fatal. </div> <div> See: </div> <div> BASIL, BUSH<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> BASIL, SWEET<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> BASIL, WILD<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> THYME, BASIL<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <bR> <div> Calamus Aromaticus</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Sedge</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Calisaya</div> <div> Botanical: Cinchona calisaya (WEDD.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Rubiaceae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Used<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Preparations<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Jesuit's Powder. Yellow Cinchona. </div> <div> ---Part Used---Bark. </div> <div> ---Habitat---Tropical valleys of the Andes. Bolivia and Southern Peru. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_5"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---Cinchona is an important genus and comprises a large number of evergreen trees and shrubs, flowers white and pinkish arranged in panicles, very fragrant. Not all the species yield cinchona or Peruvian bark. The most important is called Calisaya or yellow bark. Its great value as a tonic and febrifuge depends on an alkaloid, quina (Quinine). This substance chiefly exists in the cellular tissue outside the liber in combination with kinic and tannic acids. Calisaya yields the largest amount of this alkaloid of any of the species - often 70 to 80 per cent of the total alkaloids contained in the bark which is not collected from trees growing wild, but from those cultivated in plantations. The bark for commerce is classified under two headings: the druggist's bark, and the manufacturer's at a low price. The great bulk of the trade is in Amsterdam, and the bark sold there mainly comes from Java. That sold in London from India, Ceylon and South America. Mature Calisaya bark has a scaly appearance, which denotes maturity and high quality. It is very bitter, astringent and odourless. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_5"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---The bark should yield between 5 and 6 per cent of total alkaloids, of which not less than half should consist of quinine and cinchonidin. Other constituents are cinchonine, quinidine, hydrocinchonidine, quinamine, homokinchonidine, hydroquinine; quinic and cinchotannic acids, a bitter amorphous glucocide, starch and calcium-oxalate. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_5"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >PERUVIAN BARK</FONT>. </div> <div>  <A NAME="pre_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Preparations and Dosages---Decoction of Cinchona, B.P., 1/2 to 2 fluid ounces. Elixir of Cinchona or Elixir of Calisaya, B.P.C., 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm. Tincture of Cinchona, B.P.C., 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm. Cinchona wine, B.P.C., 1/2 to 1 fluid ounce. </div> <bR> <div> Calotropis</div> <div> POISON!<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> Botanical: Calotropis procera (R. BR.) and gigantea </div> <div> Family: N.O. Asclepiadaceae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Preparations<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Antidotes<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Mudar Yercum. </div> <div> ---Parts Used---Bark, root-bark. </div> <div> ---Habitat---Native of Hindustan, but widely naturalized in the East and West Indies and Ceylon. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_6"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---The dried root freed from its outer cork layer and called Mudar. It occurs in commerce in short quilled pieces about 1/5 to 1/10 of an inch thick and not over 1 1/2 inch wide. Deeply furrowed and reticulated, colour greyish buff, easily separated from periderm. Fracture short and mealy, taste bitter, nauseous, acrid; it has a peculiar smell and is mucilaginous; official in India and the Colonial addendum for the preparation of a tincture. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_6"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---A yellow bitter resin; a black acid resin; Madaralbum, a crystalline colourless substance; Madarfluavil, an ambercoloured viscid substance; and caoutchouc, and a peculiar principle which gelatinizes on being heated, called Mudarine. Lewin found a neutral principle, Calatropin, a very active poison of the digitalis type. In India the author's husband experimented with it for paper-making, the inner bark yielding a fibre stronger than Russian hemp. The acrid juice hardens into a substance like gutta-percha. It has long been used in India for abortive and suicidal purposes. Mudar root-bark is very largely used there as a treatment for elephantiasis and leprosy, and is efficacious in cases of chronic eczema, also for diarrhoea and dysentery. </div> <div>  <A NAME="pre_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Preparations---Tincture of Calatropis, 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm. Powder, 3 to 12 grains. </div> <div>  <A NAME="ant_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Antidotes---As an antidote to poisoning atropine may be administered. In severe cases the stomach pump may be used and chloral or chloroform administered. Amyl nitrite may also be useful. </div> <div> See: </div> <div> ASCLEPIAS<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> PLEURISY ROOT<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> SWAMP MILKWEED<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <bR> <div> Calumba</div> <div> Botanical: Jateorhiza calumba (MIERS) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Menispermaceae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Preparations<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonyms---Cocculus Palmatus. Colombo. </div> <div> ---Part Used---The dried root sliced transversely. </div> <div> ---Habitat---Forests of Eastern Africa. Indigenous to Mozambique, where it is abundant in the forests. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_7"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---A dioecious climbing plant with a perennial root, consisting of several tuberous portions, flowers small and inconspicuous, the root is dug in dry weather, in March, but only the fusiform offsets are used; the old root is rejected and the brightest, least worm-eaten and well-shaped pieces are preferred. The root and powder, if kept any length of time, are liable to be attacked by worms; the colour of the freshly prepared powder is greenish, later on it turns brown and when moistened very dark; it quickly absorbs moisture from the air and is apt to decompose, so only a small quantity should be prepared at a time. Odour aromatic, taste very bitter, rind more so than the central pith, which is somewhat mucilaginous. It is rarely adulterated since the price has been lowered. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_7"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Constituents---Columbamine, Jateorhizine and Palmatine, three yellow crystalline alkaloids closely allied to berberine; also a colourless crystalline principle, Columbine, and an abundance of starch and mucilage. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_6"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---A bitter tonic without astringency, does not produce nausea, headache, sickness or feverishness as other remedies of the same class. It is best given as a cold infusion; it is a most valuable agent for weakness of the digestive organs. In pulmonary consumption it is useful, as it never debilitates or purges the bowels. The natives of Mozambique use it for dysentery It allays the sickness of pregnancy and gastric irritation. In Africa and the East Indies it is cultivated for dyeing purposes. </div> <div>  <A NAME="pre_3"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Preparations---Calumba is generally combined with other tonics. For flatulence, 1/2 oz. of Calumba, 1/2 oz. of ginger 1 drachm of senna, added to 1 pint of boiling water, is taken three times daily in wineglassful doses. </div> <div> Calumba can be safely combined with salts of iron and alkalies, as it does not contain tannic or gallic acid. The powdered root, 10 to 15 grains. The solid extract, 2 grains. The powdered extract, 2 grains. The fluid extract, 10 to 30 minims. The infusion, B.P., 1/2 to 1 drachm. The tincture, B.P. and U.S.P., 1/2 to 1 drachm. The concentrated solution, B.P. 1/2 to 1 drachm. </div> <bR> <div> Camellia</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Tea</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Campanula</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Rampion</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Camphor</div> <div> Botanical: Cinnamonum camphora (T. NEES and EBERM.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Lauraceae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Preparations and Dosages<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc336600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Steadman Shorter's Medical Dictionary, 1942, <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Poisons & Antidotes: Camphor</FONT> </div> <div> ---Synonyms---Laurel Camphor. Gum Camphor. </div> <div> ---Part Used---Gum. </div> <div> ---Habitat---China, Japan, and adjacent parts of East Asia. Formosa official in the U.S.P. Dryobalanops aromatica is indigenous to Borneo and Sumatra. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_8"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---Camphor is a white crystalline substance, obtained from the tree Cinnamonum camphora, but the name has been given to various concrete odorous volatile products, found in different aromatic plants. The commercial Camphor comes only from C. camphora and Dryobalanops camphora (fam. Dipterocarpacaea). The first gives our official Camphor, the latter the Borneo Camphor, which is much valued in the East, but unknown in Europe and America. C. camphora is an evergreen tree looking not unlike our linden; it grows to a great size, is manybranched, flowers white, small and clustered, fruit a red berry much like cinnamon. While the tree grows in China, etc., it can be cultivated successfully in sub-tropical countries, such as India and Ceylon, and it will thrive in Egypt, Formosa, Madagascar, Canary Islands and southern parts of Europe, California, Florida, and also in Argentina. It grows so slowly that the return financially is a long investment. Some growers think that Camphor cannot be taken from the trees till they are fifty years old. In Japan and Formosa the drug comes from the root, trunk and branches of the tree by sublimation, but there is less injury done to the tree in the American plantations, as it is taken there from the leaves and twigs of the oldest trees. A Camphor oil exudes in the process of extracting Camphor, which is valued by the Chinese, used for medicinal purposes. Two substances are found in commerce under the name of oil of Camphor: one is the produce of C. cinnamonum, and is known as Formosa or Japanese oil of Camphor; the other as East Indian oil of Camphor, from the D. aromatica but this oil is not found in European or American trade. It is less volatile than the other, and has a distinctive odour; it is highly prized by the Chinese, who use it for embalming purposes and to scent soap. The Chinese attribute many virtues to it. It is mentioned by Marco Polo in the thirteenth century and Camoens in 1571, who called it the 'balsam of disease.' During the last few years large quantities have come into the American and European markets as Japanese oil; it varies in quality and colour from a thin watery oil to a thick black one. It is imported in tin cans and varies greatly in the amount of Camphor it contains, some cans having had all the solid principle extracted before importation. The odour is peculiar, like sassafras and distinctly camphoraceous; this oil is said to be used in Japan for burning, making varnish and for Chinese inks, as a diluent for artists' colours; it has a capacity for dissolving resins that oil of Turps has not. The properties in the oil are much the same as in Camphor, but it is more stimulant and very useful in complaints of stomach and bowels, in spasmodic cholera and flatulent colic. It is also used as a rubefacient and sedative liniment, and if diluted with Olive oil or soap is excellent for local rheumatism, sprains, bruises, and neuralgia dose, 2 or 3 minims. There is an erroneous idea that Camphor acts as a preventive to infectious diseases. It is very acrid and in large doses very poisonous, and should be used cautiously in certain heart cases. It is a well-known preventive of moths and other insects, such as worms in wood; natural history cabinets are often made of it, the wood of the tree being occasionally imported to make cabinets for entomologists. The Dryobalanops oil of Camphor is said to be found in trees too young to produce Camphor, and is said to be the first stage of the development of Camphor, as it is found in the cavities of the trunk, which later on become filled with Camphor. Its chief constituent is an oil called Borneene. The D. aromatica tree, found in Sumatra and Borneo, grows to an enormous height, often over 100 feet, and trunk 6 or 7 feet in diameter. The Camphor of the older trees exists in concrete masses, in longitudinal cavities, in the heart of the tree, 1 1/2 feet long at certain distances apart. The only way of finding out if Camphor has formed in the tree is by incision. This Camphor is chiefly used for funeral rites, and any that is exported is bought by the Chinese at a high price, as they use it for embalming, it being less volatile than ordinary Camphor. Another Camphor called N'gai, obtained from the Blumea Balcamferi (Compositae), differs chemically from the Borneo species, being levogyrate, and is converted by boiling nitric acid, to a substance considered identical with stearoptene of Chrysanthemum parthenium. This plant grows freely in the author's garden, and is known in Great Britain as Double-flowered Bush Fever-Few. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_7"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---Camphor has a strong, penetrating, fragrant odour, a bitter, pungent taste, and is slightly cold to the touch like menthol leaves; locally it is an irritant, numbs the peripheral sensory nerves, and is slightly antiseptic; it is not readily absorbed by the mucous membrane, but is easily absorbed by the subcutaneous tissue- it combines in the body with glucuronic acid, and in this condition is voided by the urine. Experiments on frogs show a depressant action to the spinal column, no motor disturbance, but a slow increasing paralysis; in mankind it causes convulsions, from the effect it has on the motor tract of the brain; it stimulates the intellectual centres and prevents narcotic drugs taking effect, but in cases of nervous excitement it has a soothing and quieting result. Authorities vary as to its effect on blood pressure; some think it raises it, others take an opposite view; but it has been proved valuable as an excitant in cases of heart failure, whether due to diseases or as a result of infectious fevers, such as typhoid and pneumonia, not only in the latter case as a stimulant to circulation, but as preventing the growth of pneumococci. Camphor is used in medicine internally for its calming influence in hysteria, nervousness and neuralgia, and for serious diarrhoea, and externally as a counter-irritant in rheumatisms, sprains bronchitis, and in inflammatory conditions, and sometimes in conjunction with menthol and phenol for heart failure; it is often given hypodermically, 3 to 5 grains dissolved in 20 to 30 minims of sterile Olive oil - the effect will last about two hours. In nervous diseases it may be given in substance or in capsules or in spirit; dose 2 to 5 grains. Its great value is in colds, chills, and in all inflammatory complaints; it relieves irritation of the sexual organs. </div> <div>  <A NAME="pre_4"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Preparations and Dosages---Spirit of Camphor, B.P., 5 to 20 drops. Tincture of Camphor Comp., B.P. (Paregoric), 1/2 to 1 drachm. Camphor water, B.P., 1 to 2 OZ. Liniment of Aconite, B.P. Liniment of Belladonna, B.P. Liniment of Camphor Comp., B.P. Liniment of Opium, B.P. Liniment of Soap, B.P. Liniment of Mustard, B.P. Liniment of Turpentine, B.P. Liniment of Turpentine and Acetic Acid, B.P. Spirit of Camphor, B.P., 5 to 20 drops. Tincture of Camphor Comp., B.P. </div> <bR> <div> Campion</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Corncockle</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Canadian Hemp</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Hemp, Canadian</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Canchalagua</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Centaury, Chilian</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Candytuft, Bitter</div> <div> Botanical: Iberis amara </div> <div> Family: N.O. Cruciferae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dosage<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Parts Used---Leaves, stem, root, seeds. </div> <div> ---Habitat---Found in various parts of Europe and in English and Scotch cornfields, specially in limestone districts. </div> <bR> <div>  <A NAME="des_9"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---This plant is an erect, rather stiff, very bitter annual, 6 to 12 inches high; flowers milky white, forming a terminal flat corymb; leaves oblong, lanceolate, acute, toothed; pod nearly orbicular, the long style projecting from notch at top; it flowers with the corns. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_8"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Medicinal Action and Uses---A tincture made from the ripe seeds is much used in homoeopathy, but the plant is more generally used by American herbalists. All parts of the plant are used, leaves, stem, root and seeds, more particularly the latter. It has always been used for gout, rheumatism and kindred ailments, and is now usually combined with other plants for the same diseases in their acute form, and as a simple to allay excited action of the heart, especially when it is enlarged. For asthma, bronchitis and dropsy it is considered very useful. </div> <div>  <A NAME="dos_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Dosage---1 to 3 grains of the powdered seeds. In overdoses or too large ones it is said to produce giddiness, nausea and diarrhoea. </div> <bR> <div> Canella</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >(White) Cinnamon</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Capsicum</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="BlackChancery" >Cayenne</FONT>. </div> <bR> <div> Caraway</div> <div> Botanical: Carum Carvi (LINN.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Umbelliferae</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Descripton<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">History<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cultivation<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Habitat<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="BlackChancery" > </FONT></div> <div> ---Synonym---Caraway Seed. </div> <div> ---Part Used---Fruit. </div> <div> ---Habitat---The plant is distributed throughout the northern and central parts of Europe and Asia, though where it occurs in this country it is only considered a naturalized species, having apparently escaped from cultivation. </div> <div> Caraway is another member of the group of aromatic, umbelliferous plants characterized by carminative properties, like Anise, Cumin, Dill and Fennel. It is grown, however, less for the medicinal properties of the fruits, or so-called 'seeds,' than for their use as a flavouring in cookery, confectionery and liqueurs .</div> <div>  <A NAME="des_10"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---Description---It is a biennial, with smooth, furrowed stems growing 1 1/2 to 2 feet high, hearing finely cut leaves, and umbels of white flowers which blossom in June. The fruitswhich are popularly and incorrectly called seeds - and which correspond in general character to those of the other plants of this large family, are laterally compressed, somewhat horny and translucent, slightly curved, and marked with five distinct, pale ridges. They evolve a pleasant, aromatic odour when bruised, and have an agreeable taste. </div> <div> The leaves possess similar properties and afford an oil identical with that of the fruit. The tender leaves in spring have been boiled in soup, to give it an aromatic flavour. </div> <div>  <A NAME="his"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>---History---The roots are thick and tapering, like a parsnip, though much smaller and are edible. Parkinson declared them, when young, to be superior in flavour to Parsnips. Mixed with milk and made into bread, they are said to have formed the 'Chara' of Julius Ceasar, eaten by the soldiers of Valerius. </div> <div> Caraway was well known in classic days, and it is believed that its use originated with the ancient Arabs, who called the 'seeds' Karawya, a name they still bear in the East, and clearly the origin of our word Caraway and the Latin name Carvi, although Pliny would have us believe that the name Carvi was derived from Caria, in Asia Minor, where according to him the plant was originally found. In old Spanish the name occurs as Alcaravea. </div> <div> Caraway is frequently mentioned by the old writers. Dioscorides advised the oil to be taken by pale-faced girls. In the Middle Ages and in Shakespeare's times it was very popular. </div> <div> 'The seed,' says Parkinson, 'is much used to be put among baked fruit, or into bread, cakes, etc., to give them a rellish. It is also made into comfites and taken for cold or wind in the body, which also are served to the table with fruit.' </div> <div> In Henry IV, Squire Shallow invites Falstaff to 'a pippin and a dish of caraways.' The custom of serving roast apples with a little saucerful of Caraway is still kept up at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at some of the old-fashioned London Livery Dinners, just as in Shakespeare's days - and in Scotland to this day a saucerful is put down at tea to dip the buttered side of bread into and called 'salt water jelly.' </div> <div> The scattering of the seed over cakes has long been practised, and Caraway-seed cake was formerly a standing institution at the feasts given by farmers to their labourers at the end of the wheat-sowing. The little Caraway comfits consist of the seeds encrusted with white sugar. In Germany, the peasants flavour their cheese, cabbage, soups, and household bread with Caraway, and in Norway and Sweden, polenta-like, black, Caraway bread is largely eaten in country districts. </div> <div> The oil extracted from the fruits is used as an ingredient of alcoholic liquors: both the Russians and the Germans make from Caraway a liqueur, 'Kummel,' and Caraway enters into the composition of l'huile de Venus<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > and other cordials. </FONT></div> <div> A curious superstition was held in olden times about the Caraway. It was deemed to confer the gift of retention, preventing the theft of any object which contained it, and holding the thief in custody within the invaded house. In like manner it was thought to keep lovers from proving fickle (forming an ingredient of love potions), and also to prevent fowls and pigeons from straying. It is an undoubted fact that tame pigeons, who are particularly fond of the seeds, will never stray if they are given a piece of baked Caraway dough in their cote. </div> <div>  <A NAME="cul"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Cultivation---</B>Preparation for Market---Caraway does best when the seeds are sown inthe autumn, as soon as ripe, though they may be sown in March. Sow in drills, 1 foot apart, the plants when strong enough, being thinned out to about 8 inches in the rows. The ground will require an occasional hoeing to keep it clean and assist the growth of the plants. From an autumn-sown crop, seeds will be produced in the following summer, ripening about August. </div> <div> When the fruit ripens, the plant is cut and the Caraways are separated by threshing. They can be dried either on trays in the sun, or by very gentle heat over a stove, shaking occasionally. </div> <div> There are several varieties, the English, the Dutch and the German (obtained from plants extensively cultivated in Moravia and Prussia), and other varieties imported from Norway, Finland, Russia and the Morocco ports. </div> <div>  <A NAME="hab"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Habitat---</B>One marked peculiarity about Caraway is that it is indigenous to all parts of Europe, Siberia, Turkey in Asia, Persia, India and North Africa, and yet it is cultivated only in a few comparatively restricted areas. It grows wild in many parts of Canada and the United States, but is nowhere grown there as a field or garden crop. Its cultivation is restricted to relatively small areas in England, Holland, Germany, Finland, Russia, Norway and Morocco, where it constitutes one of the chief agricultural industries within its narrow confines. It has so far received comparatively little attention in England, where it is grown only in Essex, Kent and Suffolk, upon old grassland broken up for the purpose. Holland cultivates the main crop, producing and exporting far larger quantities than any other country. It is cultivated most extensively there in the provinces of Groningen and North Holland, in which more than half the acreage is found. In the whole country about 20,000 acres are devoted to this crop, each acre yielding about 1,000 lb., whereas while Caraway is grown commercially throughout Germany, Austria, France and parts of Spain, the character and amounts produced are very variable, and the yield per acre varies only from 400 to 700 lb., and these countries do not produce much more than they require for home consumption. Morocco produces a grade of Caraway that comes regularly into the English and American markets, but is somewhat inferior in quality. Dutch Caraway is preferred among consumers in the United States, and the bulk used there comes from Holland. </div> <div> During the last year or two there has been a scarcity of Caraway, owing partly to the fact that the extensive area of land in Holland usually employed for the cultivation of the plant was devastated by floods towards the close of 1915. Much Dill seed is now being sold in its place. Quite lately, a small grower reported that she had netted L. 5 (pounds sterling) from growing Caraway on a corner of what otherwise would have been waste ground. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_8"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Constituents---</B>The seeds contain from 4 to 7 per cent of volatile oil, according to the variety of Caraway fruit from which obtained that distilled from home-grown fruits being considered the best. Caraway grown in more northerly latitudes is richer in essential oil than that grown in southern regions, and if grown in full sun a greater percentage and a richer oil is obtained. </div> <div> The oil is distilled chiefly from Dutch, Norwegian and Russian fruits. The Dutch are small and dark brown in colour. English fruits, of which only a small quantity is produced, are of a brighter tint. </div> <div> The chief constituent of the oil is a hydrocarbon termed Carvene, also found in oils of Dill and Cumin, and an oxygenated oil Carvol, a mobile liquid (isomeric with the menthol of Spearmint). </div> <div> From 6 lb. of the unbruised seeds, 4 oz. of the pure essential oil can be expressed. </div> <div> The exhausted seed, after the distillation of the oil, contains a high percentage of protein and fat, and is used as a cattle food. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_9"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Medicinal Action and Uses---</B>Both fruit and oil possess aromatic, stimulant and carminative properties. Caraway was widely employed at one time as a carminative cordial, and was recommended in dyspepsia and symptoms attending hysteria and other disorders. It possesses some tonic property and forms a pleasant stomachic. Its former extensive employment in medicine has much decreased in recent years, and the oil and fruit are now principally employed as adjuncts to other medicines as corrective or flavouring agents, combined with purgatives. For flatulent indigestion, however, from 1 to 4 drops of the essential oil of Caraway given on a lump of sugar, or in a teaspoonful of water, will be found efficacious. Distilled Caraway water is considered a useful remedy in the flatulent colic of infants, and is an excellent vehicle for children's medicine. When sweetened, its flavour is agreeable. </div> <div> One ounce of the bruised seeds infused for 6 hours in a pint of cold water makes a good Caraway julep for infants, from 1 to 3 teaspoonsful being given for a dose. </div> <div> The bruised seeds, pounded with the crumb of a hot new loaf and a little spirit to moisten, was an old-fashioned remedy for bad earache. The powder of the seeds, made into a poultice, will also take away bruises. </div> <bR> <div> Cardamons</div> <div> Botanical: Elettaria Cardamomum (MATON) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Zingiberaceae (Scitamineae)</div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dosages</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Adulterations</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Other Species</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>---Synonyms---</B>Amomum Cardamomum. Alpinia Cardamomum. Matonia Cardamomum. Cardamomum minus. Amomum repens. Cardamomi Semina. Cardamom Seeds. Malabar Cardamums. Ebil. Kakelah seghar. Capalaga. Gujatatti elachi. Ilachi. Ailum. </div> <div> <B>---Part Used---</B>The dried, ripe seeds. </div> <div> <B>---Habitat---</B>Southern India.</div> <div>  <A NAME="des_11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Description---</B>The large perennial herb. yielding Cardamom seeds is known in its own country as 'Elattari' or 'Ilachi,' while 'Cardamomum' was the name by which some Indian spice was known in classical times. </div> <div> It has a large, fleshy rhizome, and the alternate, lanceolate leaves are blades from 1 to 2 1/2 feet long, smooth and dark green above, pale, glaucous green and finely silky beneath. The flowering stems spread horizontally near the ground, from a few inches to 2 feet long, and bear small, loose racemes, the small flowers being usually yellowish, with a violet lip. The fruits are from 2/5 to 4/5 of an inch long, ovoid or oblong, bluntly triangular in section, shortly beaked at the apex, pale yellowish grey in colour, plump, and nearly smooth. They are three-celled, and contain in each cell two rows of small seeds of a dark, reddish-brown colour. These should be kept in their pericarps and only separated when required for use. Though only the seeds are official, the retention of the pericarp is an obstacle to adulteration, while it contains some oil and forms a good surface for grinding the seeds. The value is estimated by the plumpness and heaviness of the fruits and the soundness and ripeness of the seeds. Unripe seeds are paler and less plump. The unbroken fruits are gathered before they are quite ripe, as the seeds of fruits which have partially opened are less aromatic, and such fruits are less valued. The seeds have a powerful, aromatic odour, and an agreeable, pungent, aromatic taste, but the pericarps are odourless and tasteless. </div> <div> There is some confusion as to the different kinds, both botanically and commercially, different writers distinguishing them in varied ways. </div> <div> The official Cardamums in the United States are stated to be <I>only</I> those produced in India, chiefly in Malabar and Mysore, but in Britain the seeds corresponding most closely to the official description are recognized, in spite of their names, as being imported from Ceylon. </div> <div> The Cardamom is a native of Southern India, and grows abundantly in forests 2,500 to 5,000 feet above sea-level in North Canara Coorgi and Wynaad, where it is also largely cultivated. It flowers in April and May and the fruit-gathering lasts in dry weather for three months, starting in October. The methods of cultivating and preparing vary in different districts. </div> <div> In the Bombay Presidency the fruits are washed by women with water from special wells and pounded soap nut (a kind of acacia). They are dried on house-roofs, the stalks clipped, and sometimes a starchy paste is sprinkled over them, in addition to the bleaching. </div> <div> Bombay ships about 250,000 lb. annually to the London market. They were formerly known by their shapes as <I>shorts, short-longs</I>, and <I>long-longs</I>, but the last are now rarely seen. One hundred parts of the fruit yield on an average 74 parts of seeds and 26 of pericarp. The powdered seeds may be distinguished from the powdered fruit by the absence of the tissues of the pericarp. </div> <div> The seeds are about 1/5 of an inch long, angular, wrinkled, and whitish inside. They should be powdered only when wanted for use, as they lose their aromatic properties. </div> <div> In Great Britain and the United States Cardamums are employed to a small extent as an ingredient of curry powder, and in Russia, Sweden, Norway, and parts of Germany are largely used for flavouring cakes and in the preparation of liqueurs, etc. In Egypt they are ground and put in coffee, and in the East Indies are used both as a condiment and for chewing with betel. Their use was known to the ancients. (There are constant references to Cardamom Seeds in The Arabian Nights.) In France and America the oil is used in perfumery. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_9"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Constituents---</B>The seeds contain volatile oil, fixed oil, salt of potassium, a colouring principle, starch, nitrogenous mucilage, ligneous fibre, an acrid resin, and ash. The volatile oil contains terpenes, terpineol and cineol. Good 'shorts' yield about 4-6 per cent. It is colourless when fresh, but becomes thicker, more yellow, and less aromatic. It is very soluble in alcohol and readily soluble in four volumes of 70 per cent. alcohol, forming a clear solution. </div> <div> Its specific gravity is 0.924 to 0.927 at 25 degrees C. (77 degrees F.). It is not used medicinally, but solely for pharmaceutical purposes, being employed as a flavouring in the compound spirit and compound elixir of Cardamums, and in other elixirs and mixtures. It is largely adulterated, owing to the high price of the seeds and the small percentage of volatile oil found in them. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_10"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Medicinal Action and Uses---</B>Carminative, stimulant, aromatic, but rarely used alone; chiefly useful as an adjuvant or corrective. </div> <div> The seeds are helpful in indigestion and flatulence, giving a grateful but not fiery warmth. When chewed singly in the mouth the flavour is not unpleasant, and they are said to be good for colic and disorders of the head. </div> <div> In flavouring they are combined with oils of Orange, Cinnamon, Cloves, and Caraway. </div> <div> The substitution of glycerine for honey in the 1880 United States' formula for compound tincture increased its stability. </div> <div>  <A NAME="dos_3"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Dosages---</B>15 to 30 grains of the powdered seeds. Of tincture, 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm. Of compound tincture, B.P., 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm. Fluid extract, 5 to 30 drops. </div> <div>  <A NAME="adu_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Adulterations---</B>Various unofficial Cardamums are included, the product of otherspecies. Orange seeds and unroasted grains of coffee are also admixed. The oil is said to be no longer distilled from <I>Eiettaria cardamomum</I>. It is often factitious, and composed of oils of Cajuput, Nutmeg, etc. </div> <div>  <A NAME="oth_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Other Species---</B> </div> <div> MADRAS CARDAMUMS, exported from Madras and Pondicherry. </div> <div> ALEPPY CARDAMUMS, exported from Aleppy and Calicut, are also recognized in Britain, the former being paler and 'short-longs' and the latter 'shorts.' </div> <div> CEYLON WILD CARDAMOMS are the fruits of <I>E. cardamomum</I> var. <I>major</I>, imported from Ceylon, and sometimes called Long Wild Natives. They are cultivated in Kandy, and sometimes called in the East, Grains of Paradise, but they are not the product known by that name in Europe and America. </div> <div> ROUND or SIAM CARDAMUMS are probably those referred to by Dioscorides, and called <I>Amomi uva</I> by Pliny. They are the fruits of <I>A. cardamomum</I> and <I>A. globosum</I>, growing in Java, Siam, and China, etc., and are nearly the size of a cherry. In their natural clusters they are the <I>amomum racemosum</I> or <I>amome en grappe</I> of the French, and in Southern Europe are sometimes used in the same way as the official kinds. </div> <div> BENGAL CARDAMOMS, from <I>A. subulatum</I>, are sometimes called Winged Bengal Cardamums, Morung elachi, or Buro elachi. They are oblong or oval, and about an inch long. </div> <div> NEPAL CARDAMUMS, of unknown origin, are like the Bengal species, but usually stalked, and have a long, tubular calyx. </div> <div> WINGED JAVA CARDAMOMS, from <I>A. maximum</I>, growing in the Malay islands, are about an inch long, and when soaked in water show from 4 to 13 ragged wings on each side. They are feebly aromatic, and are usually sent abroad from the London markets. </div> <div> KORARIMA CARDAMOMS, from <I>A. kararima</I>, have recently become known. </div> <div> MADAGASCAR CARDAMUMS, of <I>A. angustifolium</I>, have pointed, ovate flattened capsules. The flavour of the seeds resembles the official variety. </div> <div> BASTARD CARDAMUMS, from <I>A. Xanthioides</I> looks like the real kind, but is greenish in colour, and tastes like crude camphor. </div> <div> <I>Cardamomum Siberiense</I> (Star Aniseed), Annis de Siberie of the seventeenth century and badiane of the French, is from <I>Illicium verum</I>, the fruit of which is chiefly used in preparing a volatile oil resembling the official oil of Anise. </div> <bR> <div> Cardoons</div> <div> See <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>Artichoke, Cardoon</U></FONT> </div> <bR> <div> Caroba</div> <div> Botanical: Jacaranda procera (SPRENG.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Bignoniacea</div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dosage</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Other Species</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>---Synonyms---</B>Carob Tree. Carobinha. Bignonia Caroba. Jacaranda Caroba. Caaroba. </div> <div> <B>---Part Used---</B>The leaves. </div> <div> <B>---Habitat---</B>South America.</div> <div>  <A NAME="des_12"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Description---</B>The genus <I>Jacaranda</I> includes several species which are used medicinally in South America, and especially in Brazil. The trees are small, and the leaves thick, tough, and lanceolate, about 2 1/2 inches long, odourless, and slightly bitter in taste. </div> <div>  <A NAME="con_10"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Constituents---</B>There has been found in the leaves Caroba balsam, caroborelinic acid carobic acid, steocarobic acid, carobon, and crystalline substance, carobin. </div> <div>  <A NAME="med_11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Medicinal Actions and Uses---</B>The value of the <I>Jacaranda</I> active principles has been proved in syphilis and venereal diseases, being widely used by the aborigines of Brazil and other South American countries. The leaves have also been tried in epilepsy for their soothing influence. </div> <div>  <A NAME="dos_4"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Dosage---</B>From 15 to 60 grains. </div> <div>  <A NAME="oth_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Other Species---</B> </div> <div> CAROB-TREE, or <I>Ceratonia siliqua</I>, is a small tree of the Mediterranean coasts. (One species of Jacarande tree grows in Palermo, and the exquisite blue flowers when in bloom about the middle of June are an arresting sight, much more suggestive of 'Love in the Mist' than the plant which actually bears that name. - EDITOR.) Beyond its name it has no connexion with Caroba. It furnishes the St. John's Bread which probably corresponds to the husks of the Prodigal Son parable, and the seed which is said to have been the original jewellers' carat weight. </div> <div> The Spaniards call it Algaroba, and the Arabs Kharoub, hence Carob or Caroub Pods, Beans, or Sugar-pods. It is also called Locust Pods. These pods are much used in the south of Europe for feeding domestic animals and, in times of scarcity, as human food. Being saccharine, they are more heatgiving than nourishing. The seeds or beans were used as fodder for British cavalry horses during the Spanish campaign of 1811-12. </div> <div> South American varieties are <I>Prosopis dulcis</I> and <I>P. siliquastrum</I> of the Leguminosae family. </div> <bR> <div> Carrot</div> <div> Botanical: Daucus carota (LINN.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Umbelliferae</div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">History</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Parts Used Medicinally</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cultivation</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Chemical Constituents</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal and General Uses</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Recipes</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>---Synonyms---</B>Philtron (Old Greek). Bird's Neat. </div> <div> <B>---Part Used---</B>Whole herb. </div> <div> <B>---Habitat---</B>A native wild plant common everywhere in the British Islands. </div> <div> Both the Carrot and Parsnip are striking examples of the effect of cultivation on wild plants. The roots of the wild variety are small and woody, while those of the cultivated kind are fleshy and succulent and grow to a considerable size.</div> <div>  <A NAME="his_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---History---</B>The Carrot was well known to the ancients, and is mentioned by Greek and Latin writers under various names, being, however, not always distinguished from the Parsnip and Skirret, closely allied to it. The Greeks - Professor Henslow tells us - had three words: <I>Sisaron</I>, first occurring in the writings of Epicharmus, a comic poet (500 B.C.); <I>Staphylinos</I>, used by Hippocrates (430 B.C.) and <I>Elaphoboscum</I>, used by Dioscorides (first century A.D.), whose description of the plant applies accurately to the modern Carrot. Pliny says: </div> <div> 'There is one kind of wild <I>pastinaca</I> which grows spontaneously; by the Greeks it is known as <I>staphylinos</I>. Another kind is grown either from the root transplanted or else from seed, the ground being dug to a very considerable depth for the purpose. It begins to be fit for eating at the end of the year, but it is still better at the end of two; even then, however, it preserves its strong pungent flavour, which it is found impossible to get rid of.' </div> <div> In speaking of the medical virtue of the first species (which is evidently the Carrot, the second variety presumably the Parsnip), he adds, 'the cultivated has the same as the wild kind, though the latter is more powerful, especially when growing in stony places.' </div> <div> The name <I>Carota</I> for the garden Carrot is found first in the writings of Athenaeus (A.D. 200), and in a book on cookery by Apicius Czclius (A.D. 230). It was Galen (second century A.D.) who added the name <I>Daucus</I> to distinguish the Carrot from the Parsnip, calling it <I>D. pastinaca</I>, and <I>Daucus</I> came to be the official name in the sixteenth century, and was adopted by Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. </div> <div> From the time of Dioscorides and Pliny to the present day, the Carrot has been in constant use by all nations. It was long cultivated on the Continent before it became known in this country, where it was first generally cultivated in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, being introduced by the Flemings, who took refuge here from the persecutions of Philip II of Spain, and who, finding the soil about Sandwich peculiarly favourable for it, grew it there largely. As vegetables were at that time rather scarce in England, the Carrot was warmly welcomed and became a general favourite, its cultivation spreading over the country. It is mentioned appreciatively by Shakespeare in <I>The Merry Wives of Windsor</I>. In the reign of James I, it became the fashion for ladies to use its feathery leaves in their head-dresses. A very charming, fern-like decoration may be obtained if the thick end of a large carrot be cut off and placed in a saucer of water in a warm place, when the young and delicate leaves soon begin to sprout and form a pretty tuft of verdant green, well worth the slight trouble entailed. </div> <div> Its root is small and spindle-shaped whitish, slender and hard, with a strong aromatic smell and an acrid, disagreeable taste, very different to the reddish, thick, fleshy, cultivated form, with its pleasant odour and peculiar, sweet, mucilaginous flavour. It penetrates some distance into the ground, having only a few lateral rootlets. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_13"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Description---</B>The stems are erect and branched, generally about 2, feet high, tough and furrowed. Both stems and leaves are more or less clothed with stout, coarse hairs. The leaves are very finely divided, the lowest leaves considerably larger than the upper; their arrangement on the stem is alternate, and all the leaves embrace the stem with the sheathing base, which is so characteristic of this group of plants, the Umbelliferae, to which the Carrot belongs. The blossoms are densely clustered together in terminal umbels, or flattened heads, in which the flower-bearing stalks of the head all arise from one point in rays, like the ribs of an umbrella, each ray again dividing in the case of the Carrot, to form a secondary umbel, or umbellule of white flowers, the outer ones of which are irregular and larger than the others. The wild Carrot is in bloom from June to August, but often continues flowering much longer. The flowers themselves are very small, but from their whiteness and number, they form a conspicuous head, nearly flat while in bloom, or slightly convex, but as the seeds ripen, the umbels contract, the outer rays, which are to begin with 1 to 2 inches long, lengthening and curving inwards, so that the head forms a hollow cup hence one of the old popular names for the plant: Bird's Nest. The fruit is slightly flattened, with numerous bristles arranged in five rows. The ring of finely-divided and leaf-like bracts at the point where the umbel springs is a noticeable feature. </div> <div> The Carrot is well distinguished from other plants of the same order by having the central flower of the umbel, or sometimes a tiny umbellule, of a bright red or deep purple colour, though there is a variety, <I>D. maritimus</I>, frequent on many parts of the sea coast in the south of England, which differs in having somewhat fleshy leaves and in being destitute of the central purple flower. In this case, all the flowers of the head have often a somewhat pinkish tinge. There was a curious superstition that this small purple flower of the Carrot was of benefit in epilepsy. </div> <div>  <A NAME="par"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Parts Used Medicinally---</B>The whole herb, collected in July; the seeds and root. The whole herb is the part now more generally in use. </div> <div>  <A NAME="meda"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Medicinal Action and Uses---</B>Diuretic, Stimulant, Deobstruent. An infusion of the whole herb is considered an active and valuable remedy in the treatment of dropsy, chronic kidney diseases and affections of the bladder. The infusion of tea, made from one ounce of the herb in a pint of boiling water, is taken in wineglassful doses. Carrot tea, taken night and morning, and brewed in this manner from the whole plant, is considered excellent for lithic acid or gouty disposition. A strong decoction is very useful in gravel and stone, and is good against flatulence. A fluid extract is also prepared, the dose being from 1/2 to 1 drachm. </div> <div> The <I>seeds</I> are carminative, stimulant and very useful in flatulence, windy colic, hiccough, dysentery, chronic coughs, etc. The dose of the seeds, bruised, is from one-third to one teaspoonful, repeated as necessary. They were at one time considered a valuable remedy for calculus complaints. They are excellent in obstructions of the viscera, in jaundice (for which they were formerly considered a specific), and in the beginnings of dropsies, and are also of service as an emmenagogue. They have a slight aromatic smell and a warm, pungent taste. They communicate an agreeable flavour to malt liquor, if infused in it while in the vat, and render it a useful drink in scorbutic disorders. </div> <div> Old writers tell us that a poultice made of the <I>roots</I> has been found to mitigate the pain of cancerous ulcers, and that the <I>leaves</I>, applied with honey, cleanse running sores and ulcers. An infusion of the root was also used as an aperient. </div> <div>  <A NAME="cul_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Cultivation---</B>The root of the Carrot consists of Bark and Wood: the bark of theGarden Carrot is the outer red layer, dark and pulpy and sweet to the taste; the wood forms the yellow core, gradually becoming hard, stringy and fibrous. The aim of cultivation, therefore, is to obtain a fleshy root, with the smallest part of wood. This depends on soil and the quality and kind of the seed. </div> <div> For its successful cultivation, Carrot needs a light, warm soil, which has been well manured in the previous season. The most suitable soil is a light one inclining to sand, a somewhat sandy loam or dry, peaty land being the best, but even heavy ground, properly prepared, may be made to produce good Carrots. Formerly the cultivation of the Carrot was almost entirely confined to the light lands of Norfolk and Suffolk. </div> <div> The ground should be well prepared some months in advance; heavy ground should be lightened by the addition of wood ash, road scrapings, old potting soil and similar materials. It is essential that the soil be in such a state as to allow the roots to penetrate to their full length without interruption. Previous to sowing the seed, the soil should be lightly forked over, and, if possible, be given a dressing of leaf soil or well decayed vegetable matter, but no fresh manure must be dug into the top spit of ground intended for Carrots and Parsnips, as it may cause the roots to become forked. The crops will, however, benefit by about an ounce of superphosphate to the square yard, raked in before sowing, or by a light dressing of soot. </div> <div> Sowing of the main crop should be done in calm weather about the middle of March or early in April. The seeds frequently adhere to one another by means of the forked hairs which surround them. These hairs can be removed by rubbing through the hands or a fine chaff sieve. The seeds should then be mixed with about twice the bulk of dry earth, sand or sifted ashes (about one bushel of seeds to 4 or 5 lb. of sand). When the ground is thoroughly prepared and has been firmly trodden, draw flat-bottomed drills from north to south, 1/2 inch deep and 3 inches wide. Distribute the seed along the row evenly and thinly and cover lightly. Carrots can hardly be covered too lightly, 1 inch of fine soil is quite enough, and for ordinary use they may be sown in drills one foot apart, but if extra large roots are desired, more room must be given between the rows. As soon as the young plants are large enough to handle they may be thinned to 6 inches or 8 inches apart. The thinning may be at first to a distance of 3 inches, and then a final thinning later, the second thinnings being used as young Carrots for culinary purposes. Frequent dustings of soot will greatly benefit the crop. Light hoeings between the rows to keep the crop free from weeds is all that is necessary during the period of growth. Partial shade from other crops is often found beneficial. </div> <div> Scarlet Immediate is the best sort for general purposes. </div> <div> Main-crop Carrots are generally taken up about the last week in October, or early in November, by three-pronged forks, and stored in sand in a dry place, where they can be kept till the following March or April Some of the roots dug in the autumn can be replanted in February, about 2 feet apart, with the crown or head a few inches below the surface. Leaves and flowers will spring from them, and the seeds produced will ripen in the autumn. </div> <div> By making successional sowings, good crops of small roots will be always available. In gardens, Carrots are grown in succession of crops from the latter part of February to the beginning of August. For early Carrots sow on a warm border in February: such a sowing, if made as soon as the state of ground allows, will assure early Carrots just when fresh and quickly-grown vegetables are most highly prized. They will be off in time to leave the ground ready for other crops. </div> <div> After a good dressing of soot has been given, Carrots may be sown again, and even then it leaves the room vacant for winter greens or cabbage for use next spring. Sowing as late as July is generally successful in most districts. Main crops are often sown too early, especially on cold soils. Carrots are liable to attacks of grubs and insects, the upper part of the root being also attacked by the grub of a kind of fly, the best remedy being late sowing, to avoid the period at which these insects are evolved from the egg. Dusting with ashes and a little soot or lime wards off both birds and slugs from the young tender growths. </div> <div> Carrots are a valuable product for the farmer in feeding his cattle, and for this purpose are raised in large quantities. The produce of an acre of Carrots in Suffolk is on an average 350 bushels per acre, but sometimes much more. In the Channel Islands and Brittany, much larger crops of Carrots and Parsnips are obtained than are yielded in England, the soil being deeply trenched by a spade or specially-constructed plough. Far more Carrots are grown in France, Germany and Belgium for fodder than here. Horses are remarkably fond of Carrots, and when mixed with oats, Carrots form a very good food for them; with a small quantity of oats or other corn, a horse may be supported on from 20 to 30 lb. of Carrots daily. In Suffolk, Carrots were formerly given as a specific for preserving and restoring the wind of horses, but they are not considered good for cattle if fed too long on them. They may also with advantage be given both to pigs and poultry, and rabbits are especially fond of them. The kinds grown for farm purposes are generally larger than those in the kitchen garden and are known as Red Carrots, the more delicate Orange Carrot being the variety used in cooking. Some farmers sow the seeds on the top of the drills, which is said to be an improvement over the gardener, who makes his Carrot-bed on the flat in the ordinary way. This ridge system gives good results the Carrots being clean and well-shaped and free from grubs. The farmers reckon about 2 lb. of seed for an acre for drills, and 5 or 6 lb. if sown broadcast. For ordinary garden purposes, one ounce of seed is reckoned to be sufficient for about 600 feet sown in drills. </div> <div>  <A NAME="che"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Chemical Constituents---</B>The juice of the Carrot when expressed contains crystallizable and uncrystallizable sugar, a little starch, extractine gluten, albumen, volatile oil (on which the medicinal properties of the root depend and which is fragrant, aromatic and stimulating), vegetable jelly or pectin, saline matter, malic acid and a peculiar crystallizable, ruby-red neutral principle, without odour or taste, called Carotin. </div> <div> Carrots contain no less than 89 per cent of water; their most distinguishing dietical substance is sugar, of which they contain about 4.5 per cent. </div> <div> Owing to the large percentage of carbohydrate material contained by Carrots, rabbits fed for some days on Carrots alone, are found to have an increased amount of glycogen stored in the liver, carbohydrate being converted into glycogen in the body. </div> <div> Sir Humphry Davy ascertained the nutritive matter of Carrots to amount to 98 parts in 1,000, of which 95 are sugar, and three are starch. Weight for weight, they stand third in nourishing value on the list of roots and tubers, potatoes and parsnips taking first and second places. Carrots containing less water and more nourlshing material than green vegetables, have higher nutritive qualities than turnips, swedes, cabbage, sprouts, cauliflower, onions and leeks. Moreover, the fair proportion of sugar contained in their composition adds to their nourishing value. </div> <div> In the interesting collection of the Food Collection at Bethnal Green Museum, prepared by Dr. Lankester, we learn that the maximum amount of work produceable by a pound of Carrots is that it will enable a man to raise 64 tons one foot high, so that it would appear to be a very efficient forceproducer. From 1 lb. of Carrots we can obtain 1 OZ. and 11 grains of sugar, while out of the 16 oz. fourteen are water. When we consider that in an average man of 11 stone or 154 lb. weight, about 111 of these are water, we see what a large supply is needful to repair waste and wear and tear. </div> <div>  <A NAME="medg"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Medicinal and General Uses---</B>The chief virtues of the Carrot lie in the strong antiseptic qualities they possess, which prevent all putrescent changes within the body. </div> <div> Carrots were formerly of some medicinal repute as a laxative, vermifuge, poultice, etc., and the seeds have been employed as a substitute for caraways. </div> <div> At Vichy, where derangements of the liver are specially treated, Carrots in one form or the other are served at every meal whether in soup or as vegetables, and considerable efficacy of cure is attributed to them. </div> <div> In country districts, raw Carrots are still sometimes given to children for expelling worms, and the boiled roots, mashed to a pulp, are sometimes used as a cataplasm for application to ulcers and cancerous sores. </div> <div> Carrot sugar, got from the inspissated juice of the roots, may be used at table, and is good for the coughs of consumptive children. </div> <div> A good British wine may be brewed from the root of the Carrot, and a very tolerable bread prepared from the roots, dried and powdered. The pectic acid contained can be extracted from the root and solidifies into a wholesome, appetizing jelly. </div> <div> In Germany, a substitute and adulteration for coffee has been made of Carrots chopped into small pieces, partially carbonized by roasting and then ground. </div> <div> In France and Germany a spirit is distilled from the Carrot, which yields more spirit than the potato. The refuse after making the spirit is good for feeding pigs. </div> <div> Attempts have also been made to extract sugar from Carrots, but the resulting thick syrup refuses to crystallize, and in competition with either cane sugar or that obtained from the beetroot, it has not proved commercially successful. </div> <div> Carrots are also used in winter and spring in the dairy, to give colour and flavour to butter, and a dye similar to woad has been obtained from the leaves. </div> <div>  <A NAME="rec"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A>RECIPES</div> <div>  <A NAME="recjam"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Carrot Jam---</B> </div> <div> Wash and grate some carrots; boil until reduced to a thick pulp. To 1 Ib. of this pulp add 9 oz. sugar, the juice and grated rind of 2 lemons, and 3 oz. margarine. Boil the mixture well for 45 minutes to 1 hour. The result is a useful and inexpensive jam, which can be made for 6<I>d</I>. to 8<I>d</I>. a lb. (according to the price of the lemons), if all materials have to be bought, and for considerably less by those who have home-grown carrots available. </div> <div>  <A NAME="recpre"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Preserved Young Carrots---</B> </div> <div> Turn the carrots in their own shape, and as you do so, them turn into hot water; when all are ready, put them in a stewpan with water enough to cover them; add fresh butter in the proportion of an ounce to the pound of carrots, and salt to season; boil the carrots in this till half done, and then arrange them neatly in tin boxes; fill up with their own liquor, solder down, boil for hour, and put them away in the cool. </div> <bR> <div> Carrot, Wild</div> <div> Botanical: Daucus carota (LINN.) </div> <div> Family: N.O. Umbelliferae</div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Habitat</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Description</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Constituents</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0ff000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Medicinal Action and Uses</U><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#6633CC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> <B>---Synonyms---</B>Birds' Nest and Bees' Nest. </div> <div> <B>---Parts Used---</B>Whole herb, seeds, root. </div> <div> <B>---Habitat---</B>Britain, near the sea in greatest abundance, and in waste places throughout Europe, Russian Asia, America, and is even found in India. </div> <div>  <A NAME="hab_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Habitat---</B>Probably originally a native of the sea-coasts of Southern Europe degenerated into its present wild state, but of very ancient cultivation. The name 'Carrot' is Celtic, and means 'red of colour,' and <I>Daucus</I> from the Greek <I>dais</I> to burn, signifying its pungent and stimulating qualities. </div> <div> The Carrot was in ancient times much valued for its medicinal properties; the Wild Carrot, which is found so plentifully in Britain, both in cultivated lands and by waysides, thriving more especially by the sea, is superior, medicinally, to the cultivated kind. </div> <div>  <A NAME="des_14"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A><B>---Description---</B>Its root is small and spindle shaped, whitish, slender and hard, witha strong aromatic smell and an acrid, disagreeable taste, very different to the reddish, thick, fleshy, cultivated form, with its pleasant odour and peculiar, sweet, mucilaginous flavour. It penetrates some distance into the ground, having only a few lateral rootlets. </div> <div> The stems are erect and branched, generally about 2 feet high, tough and furrowed. Both stems and leaves are more or less clothed with stout coarse hairs. The leaves are very finely divided, the lowest leaves considerably larger than the upper; their arrangement on the stem is alternate, and all the leaves embrace the stem with the sheathing base, which is so characteristic of this group of plants, the Umbelliferae, to which the Carrot belongs. The blossoms are densely clustered together in terminal umbels, or flattened heads, in which the flower-bearing stalks of the head all arise from one point in rays, like the ribs of an umbrella, each ray again dividing in the case of the Carrot, in like manner to form a secondary umbel, or umbellule of white flowers, the outer ones of which are irregular and larger than the others. The Wild Carrot is in bloom from June to August, but often continues flowering much longer. The flowers themselves are very small, but from their whiteness and number, they form a conspicuous head nearly flat while in bloom, or slightly convex, but as the seeds ripen, the umbels contract, the outer rays, which are to begin with 1 to 2 inches long, lengthening and curving inwards, so that the head forms a hollow cup hence one of the old popular names for the plant - Birds' Nest. The fruit is slightly flattened, with numerous bristles arranged in five rows. The ring of finely-divided and leaf-like bracts at the point where the umbel springs is a noticeable feature. </div> <div> The Carrot is well distinguished from other plants of the same order by having the central flower of the umbel, or sometimes a tiny umbellule, of a bright red or deep purple colour, though there is a variety, <I>Daucus maritimus</I>, frequent in many parts of the seacoast in the south of England, which differs in having somewhat