|
|
B. Jan. 28 1693, Moscow. D. Oct. 17 1740, St. Petersburg. Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Daughter of Ivan V (reigned 1682-96) and niece of Peter I the Great, Anna was married to Friedrich Wilhelm, ruler of the Baltic seacoast duchy of Courland, on Oct. 31, 1710. Although her husband died on the journey to Courland after their wedding in St. Petersburg, Anna remained at Mitau (now Jelgava, Latvia), the capital of Courland, until 1730, when Peter II died and the Supreme Privy Council, the actual ruling body in Russia (1726-30), offered her the Russian throne.
The Privy Council members chose Anna over Elizabeth, a teenage daughter of Peter the Great, who was another contender to the throne. They imposed on Anna a constitution modelled after Sweden's, which restored some of their previously lost privileges and freed them from compulsory service. She agreed not to marry again, gave up the royal right to declare war and to levy taxes, and allowed the Privy Council to name her successor.
Having accepted the council's proposal as well as its stipulation that she agree to the certain "conditions" which limited monarchy in Russia, Anna proceeded to Moscow (February 1730, Old Style). But when she arrived and found widespread opposition to the council's conditions among the gentry and officers of the guard, she tore up the conditions (February 25), abolished the Supreme Privy Council, and re-established the autocracy.
Anna, however, had little interest in government affairs and relied heavily on her lover, Ernst Johann Biron, and a small group of German advisers, including the head of Russia's foreign affairs, Andrei Osterman, and the chief of the army, Burkhard Münnich, to manage the state. While the empress concerned herself primarily with extravagant entertainment's and crude amusements in the court at St. Petersburg, her favourites engaged Russia in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-35), which placed a pro-Russian king on the Polish throne, and in the Russo-Turkish War of 1736-39. The outcome of the Russo-Turkish War scarcely justified its tremendous cost in life and money, since the territory Russia gained by the war still left it lacking a warm-water outlet to the sea. In addition, Anna's ruling clique, which employed excessively brutal and repressive practices against its opponents, alienated the gentry, which resented domination by German officials. The increased expenditures of the court, combined with war expenses, led to a relentless extortion of taxes from the peasantry, whose social status steadily deteriorated in contrast with the advantages gained by the upper classes. Shortly before her death Anna named as her successor Ivan, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, and Biron as the infant's regent.
