Independent order verbs: person combinations

English uses separate words, pronouns, like "I", "you", "she", "him," and "they", to indicate what person(s) is doing the action of a verb or being acted upon. Cheyenne indicates the same information with prefixes and suffixes on verbs. Following are all the person combinations possible with Cheyenne verbs, illustrated with the verb 'see'. These are verb combinations of Independent Order Cheyenne verbs, that is, verbs which can said independently. They don't require another verb to relate to as do the Conjunct Order (basically the same as English subordinate) verbs.

Abbreviations used are: (pl) is used with "you" when it means more than one person being spoken to, as we might say in English "you guys." (incl) indicates 'we' which includes the person spoken to, namely, 'you' or 'you (pl)' is included. (excl) indicates that the person spoken to is excluded. (obv) abbreviates "obviative", which is a third person which is "out of focus." The Cheyenne obviative is neutral with regard to number, that is, the person referred to can be either singular or plural. Read an explanation of the pitch marks on an Internet webpage (click here for the pitch marks page if you are reading this on a CD).


(Click on an underlined word to hear it.) 


návóomahtse I saw myself
névóomâtse I saw you
návóómo I saw him
návóomamóho I saw him/them (obv)
névóomatsëme I saw you (pl)
návóomoo'o I saw them

névóome you saw me
névóomahtse you saw yourself
névóómo you saw him
névóomanóho you saw him/them (obv)
névóomemeno you saw us (excl)
névóomoo'o you saw them

návóoma he saw me
névóoma he saw you
évóomóho he saw him (obv)
évóomahtse he saw himself
návóomaëne he saw us (excl)
névóomaene he saw us (incl)
névóomaëvo he saw you (pl)

návóomaetsenoto he/they (obv) saw me
névóomaetsenoto he/they (obv.) saw you
évóomää'e he/they (obv) saw him
évóomâhtóho he/they (obv) saw himself
návóomaetsenone he/they (obv) saw us (excl)
névóomaetsenone he/they (obv) saw us (incl)
névóomaetsenövo he/they (obv) saw you (pl)
évóomaevóho he/they (obv) saw them

névóomatsemeno we (excl) saw you
návóomóne we (excl) saw him
návóomamone we (excl) saw him/them (obv)
návóomâhtsëme we (excl) saw ourselves
névóomatsemeno we (excl) saw you (pl)
návóomóneo'o we (excl) saw them

névóomone we (incl) saw him
névóomamone we (incl) saw him/them (obv)
névóomamone we (incl) saw him/them (obv)
névóomâhtsema we (incl) saw ourselves
névóomóneo'o we (incl) saw them

névóomëme you (pl) saw me
névóomóvo you (pl) saw him
névóomamovo you (pl) saw him (obv)
névóomemeno you (pl) saw us (excl)
névóomâhtsëme you (pl) saw yourselves
névóomóvoo'o you (pl) saw them

návóomää'e they saw me
névóomää'e they saw you
évóomovo they saw him/them (obv)
návóomaeneo'o they saw us (excl)
névóomaeneo'o they saw us (incl)
névóomaevoo'o they saw you (pl)
évóomâhtseo'o they saw themselves

návóomäne I was seen
névóomäne you were seen
návóomanéme we (excl) were seen
névóomanema we (incl) were seen
névóomanéme you (pl) were seen
évóomeo'o they were seen

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